fungal disease

Albaconazole (W-0027) is a small molecule fungal cytochrome P450 family member 51 (fungal CYP51A1) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of fungal infections, skin and musculoskeletal disorders, and can be used in the study of vulvovaginal candidiasis, Chagas disease and genitourinary disorders.

Boscalid is a broad-spectrum carboxamide fungicide that inhibits fungal respiration by binding to the ubiquinone site of mitochondrial complex II succinate dehydrogenase.1It suppresses mycelial growth ofS. minorby 87 to 100% and ofS. sclerotiorumby 77 to 100% when used at a concentration of 1 μg ml.2In field studies, boscalid applied at 5.6 μg cm2provides 55.5 and 30.4% disease control for lettuce drop caused byS. minorandS. sclerotiorum, respectively. It decreases cell viability of mouse primary cortical neurons following long-term exposure but is not cytotoxic (LC50= >100 μM for acute and continuous exposure). Formulations containing boscalid have been used in agriculture to prevent fungal growth on crops. 1.Wang, Y., Duan, Y., Wang, J., et al.A new point mutation in the iron-sulfur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase confers resistance to boscalid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorumMol. Plant Pathol.16(7)653-661(2015) 2.Matheron, M.E., and Porchas, M.Activity of boscalid, fenhexamid, fluazinam, fludioxonil, and vinclozolin on growth of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum and development of lettuce dropPlant Dis.88(6)665-668(2004)

Pyraclostrobin is one of the most heavily used fungicides that inhibits mitochondrial complex III of fungal and mammalian cells.

1. Ginkgetin has anti-influenza virus and anti-fungal activities. 2. Ginkgetin has anti-inflammatory activity, can down-regulates COX-2 induction in vivo against skin inflammatory responses. 3. Ginkgetin is a good STAT3 inhibitor and may be a useful lead

Fluvastatin belongs to a class of medications called statins and is used to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease. It is also the first entirely synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and is structurally distinct from the fungal derivatives of this therapeutic class.

Isoprothiolane is a foliar spray fungicide with eradicant and protectant activities against fungal diseases of rice plant caused by Pyvioutavia oryzae Cav.

Anandamide ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide), an immune modulator, acts via not only cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) but also other targets (e.g., GPR18 GPR55) in the central nervous system.

Pyrithiamine is the pyridine analog of thiamine that prevents growth of organisms that require intact thiamine. [1] It inhibits the growth of bacterial and fungal species at a pyrithiamine:thiamine ratio of 10:1 in growth media and induces symptoms of thiamine deficiency in mice at a dietary ratio of 3:1. These effects are reversible with addition of sufficient thiamine in all species. Pyrithiamine inhibits the formation of cocarboxylase from thiamine in chicken blood in a dose-dependent manner. [2] It has been used to induce thiamine deficiency in various disease models, including rat models of alcoholism and diencephalic amnesia, to study the effects of thiamine deficiency on disease pathology.[3] [4] Reference：[1]. Woolley, D.W., and White, A.G.C. Selective reversible inhibition of microbial growth with pyrithiamine. J. Exp. Med. 78(6), 489-497 (1943).[2]. Woolley, D.W. An enzymatic study of the mode of action of pyrithiamine (neopyrithiamine). J. Biol. Chem. 191(1), 43-54 (1951).[3]. Vetreno, R.P., Anzalone, S.J., and Savage, L.M. Impaired, spared, and enhanced ACh efflux across the hippocampus and striatum in diencephalic amnesia is dependent on task demands. Neurobiol. Learn Mem. 90(1), 237-244 (2008).[4]. Zahr, N.M., Sullivan, E.V., Rohlfing, T., et al. Concomitants of alcoholism: Differential effects of thiamine deficiency, liver damage, and food deprivation on the rat brain in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 233(14), 2675-2686 (2016).

Chlorothalonil (DAC 2787) is a broad-spectrum fungicide with high efficiency and low toxicity. Chlorothalonil is widely used to control various pests such as fruit trees and vegetable leaves. Chlorothalonil also has good control effects on various diseases such as rice, wheat, and cotton.

SDH-IN-17 (compound C32) is a flavonol derivative containing an acylhydrazone, serving as an effective succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitor with an IC50 of 8.42 μM. This compound can bind to the active site and form strong interactions with key residues of SDH. Additionally, it exhibits antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum (EC50=0.170 μg mL). SDH-IN-17 disrupts normal fungal growth by compromising the structural integrity of the cell membrane and cellular respiration. The potential of SDH-IN-17 for plant disease control research is noteworthy.