fluorescence

AQC (6-Aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysccinimidyl carbamate) is a reagent used in HPLC for the fluorescence detection of amino acid or protein sequences. It reacts with primary and secondary amino acids to produce fluorescent derivatives, enabling the detection of amino acids at picomolar levels.

6-CFDA (6-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) is fluorescent polyanionic probe that used to measure changes in intracellular pH (pHi) and processes such as dendrimer aggregation and absorption.

2-NBDG is a fluorescent indicator for direct glucose uptake measurement. It is an indicator of cell viability.

Ethidium bromide (EB) A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide. Ethidium bromide has a λEx of 300-360 nm and a λEm of 590 nm.

5-FAM (5-Carboxyfluorescein) (5-Carboxyfluorescein) contains a carboxylic acid, which can be used to react with primary amines via carbodiimide activation of the carboxylic acid. Fluorescein is the most common fluorescent derivatization reagent for labeling biomolecules. In addition to its excellent fluorescence quantum yield, relatively high absorptivity, and good water solubility, it also has an excitation maximum that closely matches the 488 nm spectral line of the argon-ion laser.

Acridine Orange hydrochloride is a fluorescent dye of cell-permeable. It binds to nucleic acids, resulting in an altered spectral emission.It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.

Thioflavin T (Basic Yellow 1) is a widely used dye for visualizing and is a cationic Benzothiazole dye that shows enhanced fluorescence upon binding to amyloid in tissue sections.

Dabcyl acid (DABCYL) is the original dark fluorescence quencher.

Sulforhodamine B sodium salt (Acid Red 52) is a fluorescent dye. It can be used from laser-induced fluorescence to the quantification of cellular proteins of cultured cells.

Pyrene is a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and a sensitive blue fluorescent group with an excitation wavelength of 338 nm and an emission wavelength of 375 nm. It can be used to detect protein-lipid interactions and conformational changes and also serves as an electron donor material.

IR-820 (New Indocyanine Green) is a near-infrared dye with improved stability, good color rendering, and excellent fluorescence penetration. It serves as an infrared blood pool contrast agent for detecting and quantifying diseased tissue in live animals, with maximal excitation (Ex) and emission (Em) of 710 and 820 nm, respectively.

DiSC3(5) is a lipophilic cationic fluorescent probe sensitive to changes in membrane potential. 3,3'-Dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide accumulates in hyperpolarized cell membranes, leading to fluorescence quenching; when the membranes are depolarized, the dye is released from the cells and the fluorescence intensity is enhanced, which is used for real-time monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential changes and membrane hyperpolarization. The maximum excitation emission wavelength was 622 670 nm.

Acridine Orange base is a cell-permeable fluorescent dye that binds to nucleic acids and emits different colors of fluorescence, which exhibits green fluorescence when bound to dsDNA (Ex=488 nm, Em=520-524 nm) and red fluorescence when bound to ssDNA or ssRNA (Ex=457 nm, Em=630-644 nm) and can be used for cell cycle analysis and apoptosis detection.

4-Di-1-ASP is a positively charged fluorescent dye used to label glioma cells in live brain tissue and can also be used to observe mitochondria in live cells, with λex λem = 475 606 nm.

N-Phenylnaphthalen-1-amine can be used as a hydrophobic fluorescent probe for detecting the critical micelle concentration of surfactants, the concentrations of organolithium and organomagnesium reagents, and phase transitions of membrane lipids in cells. It is a fluorescent probe for odour-binding proteins (OBP), with a dissociation constant of 1.67 μM, an excitation wavelength of 337 nm, and an emission wavelength of 407 nm.

NBD-PE is a lipid dye used primarily as a probe to study lipid organisation and dynamics within cell membranes and also to study membrane fusion by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), Ex=463 nm, Em=536 nm.

FITC is a green fluorescein derivative. FITC is often used to label biological macromolecules such as antibodies and proteins. FITC can also be used to label nucleic acids. FITC can be used as a fluorescent probe to detect cell viability, cell apoptosis, etc. FITC showed a maximum excitation wavelength of 494 nm and yellow-green fluorescence at a maximum emission wavelength of 520 nm.

JC-1 (CBIC2) is a fluorescent lipophilic carbonyl cyanine dye. JC-1 is used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. When the mitochondrial membrane potential is relatively high, JC-1 converges in the matrix to form a polymer, which can produce red fluorescence (λex=585 nm, λem=590 nm). When the mitochondrial membrane potential is low, JC-1 cannot accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix and exists in the form of monomers to produce green fluorescence (λex=510 nm, λem=527 nm).

5(6)-FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate), or Fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate, is a versatile amine-reactive derivative of fluorescein dye. It serves as an effective label for antibodies and other probes, finding utility in fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence-based assays such as ELISA and Western blotting.

Dihydroethidium (PD-MY 003) is a peroxide indicator with blue fluorescence in the cytoplasm (λex=518 nm, λem=616 nm), which disappears when oxidized and is cell permeable.

5-Aminofluorescein (5-AF) (5-AF) is a covalently-bound fluorescence marker conjugated with human serum albumin. It exhibits an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and an emission wavelength of 515 nm.

HOE-S 785026 trihydrochloride is a live cell labeling dye that binds to nucleic acids by targeting the minor groove in DNA double strands, with a preference for A T-rich regions (fluorescence is significantly enhanced by A T-rich double-stranded DNA). It crosses cell membranes and binds to living or immobilized cells, with its fluorescence intensity increasing as the solution pH rises.

Sulfo-Cy5.5 Trifluoroacetate is a kind of cyano dye, which is very suitable for non-invasive in vivo near-infrared imaging, and is suitable for applications that require a low fluorescence background.

5-CFDA (5-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate)(5-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) is membrane-permeant. It can be loaded into cells via incubation and hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to 5-carboxyfluorescein that is used for labeling human intervertebral disk cells in vitro for fluorescence microscopy.