fe2+

PHD-1-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolylhydroxylase domain-1 (PHD-1) enzyme(IC50 = 0.034 μM).

1. Thonningianin A has anti-cancer activities.2. Thonningianin A represents a new potent glutathione S-transferase in vitro inhibitor.3. Thonningianin A has antioxidant property, involves radical scavenging, anti-superoxide formation and metal chelation.

Nitroxoline (5-nitroquinolin-8-ol) is a urinary antibacterial agent active against susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative organisms commonly found in urinary tract infections.

o-Phenanthroline (1,10-Phenanthroline) , a metal chelator, prevents the induction of chromosomal aberrations in streptozotocin-treated cells.o-Phenanthroline protects mammalian cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced gene mutation and morphological transformation.

o-Phenanthroline monohydrate (1, 10-Phenanthroline monohydrate) is an inhibitor of metallopeptidases, inhibits zinc-dependent hydrolysis of Fa-Gly-Leu-NH2 by B. subtilis neutral protease and B. thermoproteolyticus thermolysin.

2,5-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dio (Thermophillin) is a natural product. The redox cycle of 2,5-dimethoxybenzoquinone is a source of reducing equivalent for the regeneration of Fe2+ and H2O2 in brown rot fungal decay of wood.

H3R antagonist 4 (compound 11l) serves as a dual inhibitor of cholinesterases and histamine H3 receptors (H3R), demonstrating IC50 values of 7.04 μM (eeAChE), 9.73 μM (hAChE)(reversible), and 1.09 nM (H3R). It effectively inhibits both self and Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation at 95.48% and 88.63%, respectively, and degrades Aβ1-42 protofibrils with 80.16% and 89.30% efficiency under similar conditions. Additionally, H3R antagonist 4 possesses the chelating capability for biometals Cu2+, Zn2+, Al3+, and Fe2+. It significantly reduces tau protein hyperphosphorylation induced by Aβ1-42, inhibits RSL-3 induced apoptosis and ferroptosis in PC12 cells, and shows optimal blood-brain barrier permeability and intestinal absorption characteristics in hCMEC/D3 and hPepT1-MDCK cells, respectively. Moreover, the compound improves learning and memory impairments in an Alzheimer's mouse model induced with scopolamine.

The compound Sodium Glucoheptonate (H-Quest A300), also known as Sodium Glucoheptonate, is a non-toxic and harmless chelating agent capable of forming stable complexes with divalent and trivalent metal ions such as Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+.

BG11 promotes the accumulation of Fe2+ and intracellular lipid peroxides, leading to ferroptosis (iron-dependent cell death). It regulates the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins, inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in MDA-MB-231 cells. BG11 also causes cell cycle arrest at the G0 G1 and S phases, inhibiting the proliferation of TNBC cancer cells, with IC50 values of 0.49 μM for MDA-MB-231 and 0.52 μM for BT549. Additionally, it reduces cell migration and invasion and demonstrates antitumor effects in mouse models.

Chasmanine is a natural diterpenoid alkaloid with an IC50 of 6.78 mg/L for Fe2+ chelation activity and exhibits cytotoxicity against PC-3 and A-549 cells.

Compound 6j (Anticancer agent 147), a sophoridine derivative and ferroptosis inducer, promotes intracellular accumulation of Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), enhances endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and upregulates activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) expression, demonstrating potent anti-liver cancer effects both in vitro and in vivo [1].

Nitroso-PSAP is a precise chromogenic reagent utilized for detecting iron (Fe 2+ ) through colorimetric analysis of blood samples post-mineralization with periodic acid. It forms a green complex with iron (Fe 2+ ), characterized by a maximum wavelength (λmax) of 756 nm and an Epsilon value of 4.5 x 10⁴ dm³ mol^-1 cm^-1 [1] [2].

PROTACNCOA4 degrader-1 (Compound V3) is a PROTAC-based degrader of NCOA4, exhibiting a DC50 of 3 nM in HeLa cells. Besides acting as a ferroptosis inhibitor, this compound effectively reduces the levels of NCOA4 and decreases intracellular ferrous (Fe2+) levels. Moreover, PROTACNCOA4 degrader-1 ameliorates liver damage in a CCl4-induced acute liver injury model.

Chaetoglobosin E is a ferroptosis inducer exhibiting significant cytotoxicity against the human tumor cell lines MDA-MB231 and A549, with IC50 values of 9.14 μM and 7.47 μM, respectively. It induces ferroptosis by downregulating GPX4 expression in A549 cells, leading to increased intracellular levels of Fe2+ (iron ions) and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), resulting in mitochondrial shrinkage and reduced or absent cristae. Chaetoglobosin E is applicable in cancer research.

Petunidin-3-O-glucoside chloride has significantly higher antioxidant activity than the Fe2+ control. Petunidin-3-O-glucoside causes problems in digestibility, may be important dietary supplements with beneficial health effects.

Ferritin is a protein of 450 kDa consisting of 24 subunits that is present in every cell type. Invertebrates, these subunits are both the light (L) and the heavy (H) type with an apparent molecular weight of 19 kDA or 21 kDA respectively. The ferritin fou

Apo-Bovine Transferrin is an iron-free transferrin (HY-P3267) that acts as a ligand for the transferrin receptor, facilitating iron release in endothelial cells. It can bind directly to hephaestin and convert Fe2+ to Fe3+. Apo-Bovine Transferrin likely works alongside ferroportin 1 to mediate iron efflux and is applicable in neuroretina research.