fatty acid triglyceride

Tributyrin (Glyceryl tributyrate), a neutral short-chain fatty acid triglyceride, is a stable and rapidly absorbed prodrug of Butyric Acid. It diffuses through biological membranes and is metabolized by intracellular lipases, releasing effective butyrate directly into cells in vivo, exhibiting potent proapoptotic, antiproliferative, and differentiation-inducing effects.

Gemfibrozil (CI-719) interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha) resulting in PPARalpha-mediated stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) synthesis. Gemfibrozil is a fibric acid derivative with hypolipidemic effects. This enhances triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance and reduces the expression of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III). The reduction in hepatic production of apoC-III result in the subsequent reduction of serum levels of very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In addition, gemfibrozil-mediated PPARalpha stimulation of apoA-I and apoA-II expression results in an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).

10,12-Tricosadiynoic acid is a highly selective and orally active inhibitor of acyl-CoA oxidase-1 (ACOX1), which can treat high-fat diet- or obesity-induced metabolic diseases by improving mitochondrial lipid and ROS metabolism.

Melinamide is an antilipidemic compound with pharmacological properties similar to gemfibrozil. Melinamide reduces elevated serum lipids primarily by lowering the triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction. In Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, where cholesterol elevation arises from intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), melinamide can decrease serum cholesterol levels.

1-Palmitoyl-2-10-pahsa-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (16:0-10-Pahsa-18:1-TG) is a triglyceride composed of fatty acid esters including Palmitic acid, hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) 10-PAHSA, and Oleic acid.

RPR107393 is an orally active and selective inhibitor of squalene synthase (SQS). It inhibits squalene synthase in rat liver microsomes with an IC50 of 0.8 nM. By increasing cellular farnesol and its derivatives, RPR107393 suppresses fatty acid biosynthesis, thereby reducing triglyceride synthesis. It also lowers plasma cholesterol in rats and marmosets. RPR107393 is applicable in research related to metabolic diseases, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and atherosclerosis [1][2].

E-3030 free acid is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist. E-3030 decreased blood glucose, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids, and insulin levels and increased blood adiponectin levels. Triglyceride- and non-high-density lipopr

(±)12(13)-DiHOME is the diol form of (±)12(13)-EpOME , a cytochrome P450-derived epoxide of linoleic acid also known as isoleukotoxin. [1] It is formed from 12(13)-EpOME by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in neutrophils. [2] 12(13)-DiHOME is toxic to Sf21 cells expressing sEH and to lacZ-expressing control cells, unlike isoleukotoxin, which is only toxic to cells containing sEH.[1] [2] Levels of 12(13)-DiHOME are increased in rat spinal cord following burn injury, and it enhances cold tolerance, increases fatty acid uptake into brown adipocytes, and decreases serum triglyceride levels in mice. Levels are also elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in humans following exposure to biodiesel exhaust and in exhaled breath condensate in patients with allergic asthma following allergen exposure.[5] [6] Plasma levels of 12(13)-DiHOME are increased immediately following moderate-intensity exercise in mice and humans, an effect that can be prevented by brown adipose tissue removal in the mouse.[7]

Platensimycin (PTM) is an antibiotic produced by S. platensis that inhibits Gram-positve bacteria by selectively inhibiting cellular lipid biosynthesis (IC50 = 0.1 μM). It targets the β-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase I/II, FabF/B, an enzyme that participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids (IC50s = 48 and 160 nM for S. aureus and E. coli enzymes, respectively). By specifically targeting fatty acid synthesis in bacteria, PTM is thought to be a promising agent for overcoming antibiotic resistance. PTM is also a selective inhibitor of the mammalian fatty acid synthase and has been shown to reduce liver triglyceride levels and to improve insulin sensitivity in a diabetic mouse model after an oral dose of 30 mg/kg.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, δ, γ are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis as well as insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Pharmacologies of PPARδ receptor agonists, though relatively obscure, have recently been reported to elevate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in obese insulin resistant rhesus monkeys. CAY10592 is a full PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 30 nM) in a fatty acid oxidation assay of rat L6 muscle cells with desirable oral pharmacokinetic properties. In a transactivation assay using human PPAR receptors, CAY10592 acts as a selective partial PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 53 nM) with no effect on PPARα or PPARγ activity up to 30 μM. Chronic treatment of high fat fed ApoB100/CETP-transgenic mice with CAY10592 at a dose of 20 mg/kg increases HDL levels, decreases LDL and TG levels, and improves insulin sensitivity.

ZLY032 is a dual agonist of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1/GPR40; EC50= 68 nM in a FLIPR assay) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ; EC50= 102 nM in a reporter assay).1It is selective for FFAR1 and PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ (EC50s = >10 μM for both). ZLY032 (40 mg/kg, twice per day) reduces blood glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test and decreases plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in theob/obmouse model of metabolic disease.2It reduces hepatic steatosis and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet at the same dose. 1.Li, Z., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z., et al.Discovery of first-in-class thiazole-based dual FFA1/PPARδ agonists as potential anti-diabetic agentsEur. J. Med. Chem.164352-365(2019) 2.Li, Z., Zhou, Z., Hu, L., et al.ZLY032, the first-in-class dual FFA1/PPARδ agonist, improves glucolipid metabolism and alleviates hepatic fibrosisPharmacol Res.159105035(2020)

Highly selective orally active peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonist (pEC50 values are 8.05, < 4 and < 4 for human PPARγ, PPARα and PPARδ receptors respectively). Decreases glucose, fatty acid and triglyceride levels following oral administration in vivo. Brown et al (1999) A novel N-aryl tyrosine activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ reverses the diabetic phenotype of the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes 48 1415 PMID:10389847 |Nugent et al (2001) Potentiation of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by PPARγ agonists is maintained in cells expressing a PPARγ dominant-negative mutant: evidence for selectivity in the downstream responses to PPARγ activation. Mol.Endocrinol. 15 1729 PMID:11579205 |Way et al (2001) Adipose tissue resistin expression is severely suppressed in obesity and stimulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists. J.Biol.Chem. 276 25651 PMID:11373275

Ethyl dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ethyl ester (ethyl DGLA), an ω-6 fatty acid intermediate ester form, elevates prostaglandin E1(PGE1) and PGE2 secretion in rabbit renal papilla when administered dietarily at a dosage of 1 g/kg per day for 25 days. Additionally, this dosage of ethyl DGLA increases triglyceride levels and enhances the proportion of 20:3ω6 and 20:4ω6 phospholipids in the renal medulla of rabbits. Ethyl DGLA formulations have been employed in managing eczema and inflammatory disorders.

1,2,3-Tritricosanoyl glycerol, a triacylglycerol containing tricosanoic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, serves as an internal standard for the quantification of fatty acids within the triglyceride component of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) cultured in media supplemented with stearic and/or oleic acid.

Gemfibrozil (Standard) is the standard substance of Gemfibrozil, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Gemfibrozil (CI-719) interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha) resulting in PPARalpha-mediated stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) synthesis. Gemfibrozil is a fibric acid derivative with hypolipidemic effects. This enhances triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance and reduces the expression of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III). The reduction in hepatic production of apoC-III result in the subsequent reduction of serum levels of very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In addition, gemfibrozil-mediated PPARalpha stimulation of apoA-I and apoA-II expression results in an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).