cross-linking

Genipin ((+)-Genipin), an active aglycone derived from an iridoid glycoside called geniposide, is found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.

6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN) is a well-established inhibitor of the NADP+-dependent enzyme.

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a chemotherapeutic agent with antitumor activity and is a classic DNA crosslinker. It inhibits DNA synthesis and induces DNA damage in cancer cells by forming DNA adducts, ultimately leading to cell death. In addition, Cisplatin can activate ferroptosis and induce autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to establish models of chronic kidney injury and acute renal failure.

Oxaliplatin (L-OHP) is a DNA alkylating agent, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Oxaliplatin causes DNA cross-linking damage, preventing DNA replication and transcription and leading to cell death. Oxaliplatin induces autophagy.

Busulfan is an alkylating antineoplastic agent derived from dimethane sulfonate, with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive properties. It primarily acts by forming carbonium ions in vivo, which induce cross-linking between DNA strands or between DNA and proteins, leading to DNA damage, inhibition of DNA replication, and suppression of RNA transcription. In addition, Busulfan can inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce apoptosis. It is commonly used as a myeloablative agent in preconditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation and can also be used to establish anemia models.

Cefuroxime Sodium is the sodium salt form of cefuroxime and a semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase resistant, second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cefuroxime sodium (Cefuroxime sodium salt) inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by inactivating penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) thereby interfering with the final transpeptidation step required for cross-linking of peptidoglycan units which are a component of the cell wall. Lack of cross-linking results in a reduction of cell wall stability and leads to cell lysis.

N,N-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) is a cross-linking agent involved in the production of hydrogel compounds for the synthesis of active ester-containing reagents.

Adipic dihydrazide (ADH) is a dihydrazide with a symmetrical C4 skeleton, commonly used as a bifunctional cross-linking agent for water-in-oil emulsions and a curing agent for epoxy resins. ADH exhibits antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa.

Transglutaminase (TG) is a thiolase that induces intermolecular cross-linking of proteins, by catalysing the formation of isopeptide bonds between the γ-carboxamide group of glutamine residues and the primary ε-amine group of other compounds. The enzyme plays a role in a variety of physiological processes including coagulation, antimicrobial immune responses and photosynthesis.

N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) is a commonly employed activating ester in peptide chemistry and protein cross-linking, typically utilised to activate carboxyl groups for coupling with amine groups, serving as a key activating agent in bio-conjugate reactions.

Diphenyl-1,3-diamine dihydrochloride can be used as a chromogenic substrate for the detection experiments of specific enzyme activities, and also as a precursor for cross-linking reagents for the structural modification of biological macromolecules.

Rimiducid is a lipid-permeable tacrolimus analogue, homodimerizing an analogue of human protein fkbp12 and binding to wild-type fkbp12 with 1000-fold lower affinity. Rimiducid is a dimerizer agent that acts by cross-linking the FKBP domains. It dimerizes the Caspase 9 suicide switch and rapidly induces apoptosis.

Fructosyl-lysine is the precursor to glucosepane. Fructosyl-lysine is a lysine–arginine protein cross-link that can be an indicator in diabetes detection. Fructosyl-lysine is an amadori glycation product from the reaction of glucose and lysine by the Maillard reaction.

SJG-136, a DNA cross-linking agent (XL50: 45 nM for pBR322 DNA), is used for its capability to form covalent bonds between DNA strands.

N3-C2-NHS ester (3-Azidopropanoic acid NHS ester) is an ADC linker, which is a cross-linking agent for macromolecular compounds, and can be used for the synthesis of antibody-coupled reactive molecules (ADCs).

2-(Pyridyldithio)ethylamine hydrochloride ((S)-2-Pyridylthio Cysteamine Hydrochloride) is a disulfide intercalating cross-linking reagent.

Bendamustine-D4 is the deuterium-labeled Bendamustine. Bendamustine is a DNA cross-linking compound with alkylating and antimetabolite properties. Bendamustine causes DNA breaks.

Sulfo-SMPB sodium is a non-cleavable, heterobifunctional chemical cross-linking reagent that combines N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and maleimide groups, enabling the covalent conjugation of molecules possessing (amine) and (sulfhydryl) functionalities.

DSSeb Crosslinker (Disuccinimidyl sebacate) is a dual N-hydroxyethyl ketone ester and cell-membrane-permeable amine-reactive crosslinker, suitable for protein crosslinking and investigating protein-protein interactions.

N,N'-Carbonyldiimidazole is a biological cross-linking agent that has great application in mass spectrometry to detect the purity of compounds.

4-(N-Succinimidylcarboxy)benzophenone is a photoactive reagent specifically designed for biochemical research. Its molecule contains both succinimide ester groups and benzophenone structures. It can be used to explore the binding sites between proteins and proteins, as well as between proteins and nucleic acids, and to lock the transient interaction complexes through light-controlled cross-linking. It can also assist in the preparation of stable antigen-antibody conjugates, providing reliable materials for biochemical detection, molecular recognition and other experiments.

PXS-4787 hydrochloride is a specific and potent pan-lysyl oxidase inhibitor that effectively eliminates the activity of lysyl oxidase. It exhibits varying IC50 values against different forms of the enzyme, including 2 μM (Bovine LOX), 3.2 μM (rh LOXL1), 0.6 μM (rh LOXL2), 1.4 μM (rh LOXL3), and 0.2 μM (rh LOXL4). In addition, PXS-4787 hydrochloride reduces the deposition and cross-linking of collagen I secreted by human fibroblasts.

TBIA (trans-bis-isatoic anhydride) is a bifunctional SHAPE (selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension) chemical cross-linking reagent.

Diallyl phthalate (NSC 7667) is a widely used cross-linking agent for unsaturated polyesters and can cause fetal toxicity at certain concentrations.