arterial calcification

Etidronic acid (HEDP) is a diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.

Sodium etidronate (Didronel) is a synthetic therapeutic diphosphonate analog of endogenous pyrophosphate. As a member of the family of drugs known as bisphosphonates, Sodium etidronate differs from endogenous pyrophosphate in its resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis. This agent adsorbs to hydroxyapatite cells and reduces the number of osteoclasts, thereby inhibiting abnormal bone resorption. Etidronate may also directly stimulate bone formation by osteoblasts.

Efmirenpase alfa is an Fc-ENPP1 fusion protein (comprising a human IgG1 Fc domain linked to a modified human ENPP1). Compared to natural human ENPP1, Efmirenpase alfa exhibits an extended half-life and greater receptor affinity. It is being investigated as an enzyme replacement therapy for ENPP1 deficiency conditions, such as arterial calcification and hypophosphatemic rickets.