aortic

740 Y-P (740YPDGFR) is a potent and cell-permeable activator of PI3K.

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.

Brain natriuretic peptide-32 (BNP-32), a fragment of the proBNP cardiovascular hormone precursor, exhibits affinity for natriuretic peptide receptors in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (IC50 = 7.3 nM) and promotes cGMP accumulation within these cells (EC50 = 170 nM). Additionally, BNP-32 effectively mediates the relaxation of norepinephrine-precontracted isolated rat aortic strips (EC50 = 6.7 nM). Upon administration at a dosage of 3 µg/kg, it elevates urine and urinary electrolyte outputs and induces hypotension in rats.

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (22-51), a pro-atherogenic peptide comprised of 30 amino acids from the residues 22-51 of its precursor protein proGIP, is present in human plasma. It activates the degradation of IκB-α and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in both macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and human aortic endothelial cells at a concentration of 1 µM. Additionally, in ApoE-/- mice, GIP (22-51) escalates the area of atherosclerotic lesions and plaque development in vivo.

MKEY, a synthetic cyclic peptide inhibitor of CXCL4-CCL5 heterodimer formation, has been shown to protect against atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm formation by mediating inflammation, but whether it modulates neuroinflammation and brain injury has not

Potent, high affinity apelin receptor agonist (IC50 = 0.27 nM; Kd = 0.51 nM). Exhibits no binding GPR15 and GPR25. Activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and promotes self-renewal of hESCs via cell-cycle progression and protein translation. Also potentiates the T

mLR12 is a Trem1 inhibitory peptide that reduces the incidence of aortic rupture in a mouse model of BAPN-induced Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection (TAAD) [1].

Cyclic MKEY TFA, a synthetic cyclic peptide, inhibits CXCL4-CCL5 heterodimer formation, thus guarding against atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm by mitigating inflammation. Additionally, it affords protection against stroke-induced brain injury in mice [1] [2].

Vasopressin acetate is a peptide hormone with vasoconstrictive and antidiuretic activities that binds to the vascular arginine vasopressin receptor, V1, with Kd values of 1.31 and 1.44 nM in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocy