aortic

3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic Acid (m-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid) is one of the major metabolites of ingested caffeic acid.it inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone osteoclastic resorptive activity.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli 055:B5, are a unique component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core, and O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen). Lipopolysaccharides help maintain the integrity of the cell outer membrane and protect bacteria from damage by bile salts and lipid antibiotics. Lipopolysaccharides are highly immunogenic antigens that can enhance immune responses and can be used to construct inflammatory models.

β-Aminopropionitrile (3-Aminopropionitrile) is a selective inhibitor of lysyl oxidase.

Ostruthin (Ostruthine) is a natural coumarin with antimicrobial activity that can effectively inhibit the growth of a wide range of mycobacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration of MIC= 3.4-107.4 μM.

2-Oxovaleric acid is a keto acid found in human blood.

Beauveriolide III is a cyclodepsipeptide that has been found inBeauveriaand an inhibitor of lipid droplet formation.1It inhibits lipid droplet formation when used at concentrations of 3 and 10 μM, as well as inhibits cholesterol synthesis (IC50= 0.41 μM), in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages.1,2Beauveriolide III also inhibits acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity in mouse macrophage membranes (IC50= 5.5 μM).2Beauveriolide III (25 and 50 mg/kg) reduces the size of aortic atherosclerotic lesions inLdlr-/-andApoE-/-mouse models of atherosclerosis. 1.Namatame, I., Tomoda, H., Si, S., et al.Beauveriolides, specific inhibitors of lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages, produced by Beauveria sp. FO-6979J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)52(1)1-6(1999) 2.Namatame, I., Tomoda, H., Ishibashi, S., et al.Antiatherogenic activity of fungal beauveriolides, inhibitors of lipid droplet accumulation in macrophagesProc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA101(3)737-742(2004)

(+)-Geodin is a fungal metabolite. It increases the fibrinolytic activity of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) when used at concentrations ranging from 50 to 150 μM. (+)-Geodin (1-100 μg/ml) also increases 2-deoxyglucose uptake by rat adipocytes.

2'-Acetylacteoside has antioxidative activity. It can significantly attenuate glutamate-induced neurotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM. 2'-Acetylacteoside shows antiproliferative effects on aortic smooth muscle, indicates that it may ha

Quercetin-3-O-(2′′-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, an orally active phenolic compound derived from the Geranium species, demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties and holds potential for treating edema and aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation injury [1].

Norbixin, a carotenoid found in B. orellana, exhibits various biological activities including binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) with a Ki of 1.15 µM in a cell-free assay. At a dosage of 47.7 mg/kg, norbixin effectively alleviates hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, in addition to reducing serum lipid levels, cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and glutathione (GSH) in rat cardio-metabolic syndrome models. It also lowers serum levels of oxidized LDL, aortic protein oxidation, and the atherosclerotic area in a rabbit cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis model. Furthermore, norbixin, administered at 0.1 and 1 mg/kg per day, minimizes mercury-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes and leukocytes and prevents photoreceptor degeneration in an Abca4-/- Rdh8-/- mouse model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

3-Deoxysappanone B has vasorelaxation effects, it can mediate endothelium- independent vasodilator action in rat thoracic aortic rings.

Harmalol hydrochloride (Harmidol hydrochloride) is a β-carboline alkaloid that can be extracted from the seeds of Peganum harmala L. Harmalol hydrochloride is the major metabolite of Harmaline and significantly inhibits dioxin-mediated induction of CYP1A1 at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. Harmalol hydrochloride showed vasorelaxant activity in isolated rat thoracic aortic preparations preconstricted with phenylephrine or KCl. Harmalol hydrochloride has antioxidant activity.

N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin, a polyphenol isolated from the seeds of safflower, exhibits antioxidant, cardioprotective effects after ischemia, and antitumor activity. It may improve vascular distensibility and reduce cardiovascular risk. N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin ameliorates atherosclerosis and distensibility of the aortic wall in vivo, and is commonly used in atherosclerosis research.

Pimaric acid has potent anti-atherosclerotic activity with inhibitory action on matrix metalloproteinase-9 production and cell migration in TNF-α±-induced human aortic smooth muscle cells.

1-Methyl-2-undecyl-4(1H)-quinolone, along with dihydroevocarpine and evodiamine, should serve as chemical markers for the quality control of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. This compound selectively inhibits type B MAO (MAO-B) activity with an IC(50) value of 15.3 microM using the substrate kynuramine, while not inhibiting type A MAO (MAO-A) activity. It can mitigate high phosphate-induced calcification in human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVICs) by inhibiting phosphate cotransporter (PiT-1) gene expression and exhibits moderate antiangiogenic activity against human tumor cells.

Dysolenticin J shows significant vasodilative effects on intact rat aortic rings with a diastolic degree of 87.4% at 10 ug/mL.

Neolitsine has anthelmintic activity, it exhibits EC90 values (concentration at which 90% loss of larval motility is observed) of 6.4 microg/mL.Neolitsine and dicentrine have potent vasorelaxing effects on precontracted rat aortic preparations with mean IC 50 values between 0.08 and 2.48 microM.

Paspalinine can inhibit binding of [125I]charybdotoxin (ChTX) to maxi-K channels in bovine aortic smooth muscle sarcolemmal membranes. Paspalinine shows tremorgenic action, which may be due in part to their inhibition of GABAA receptor function.

Gymnoascolide A is a fungal metabolite found in M. filamentosa that exhibits vasodilatory activity. At a concentration of 1 µM, it can inhibit calcium-induced contractions in isolated rat aortic rings.