222556-71-0

Ga(III)protoporphyrin-IX, a model for interporphyrin interactions in malaria pigment, possesses potent antibacterial effects against gram-negative, gram-positive, and acid-fast bacteria. It exhibits high solubility in methanol (MeOH) and serves as a malarial pigment analogue for drug development, as well as a potential antibacterial agent.

Mg(II) protoporphyrin IX, essential for chlorophyll synthesis in Chlorella, functions as a negative regulator of nuclear photosynthetic gene expression and is used as a research tool for studying the signaling molecule in plastid-to-nucleus communication.

Cu (II) Protoporphyrin IX functions as a negative control for Zn (II) Protoporphyrin, a heme oxygenase inhibitor. Heme oxygenase is involved in tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy and the regulation of free radical formation, inflammation, and vascular repair.

Mn(III) protoporphyrin IX chloride, a metalloporphyrin, at 10 µM concentration, promotes mRNA expression of δ-aminolevulinate synthase and heme oxygenase (HO) in chick embryo liver cells, critical enzymes for heme biosynthesis and breakdown. It has been used in nanobialys for MRI of fibrin clots in vitro and in the creation of Mn(III) protoporphyrin IX-6(7)-glycyl-glycyl-L-histidine methyl ester (MnGGH), a metalloporphyrin conjugate with microperoxidase activity.

Mn(II) protoporphyrin IX is a potent intravenous paramagnetic magnetic resonance contrast agent, noted for its strong paramagnetic properties.

Ni(II) protoporphyrin IX is a metalloporphyrin compound characterized by limited propensity for axial ligation and distortion upon binding to [ferrochelatase].

Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is a tetrapyrrole that is a metabolic precursor of heme, cytochrome c, and chlorophyll. Protoporphyrin IX has been shown to improve liver function, promote cellular tissue respiration, improve protein and glucose metabolism, and resist complement binding.