Plant Physiological Kit

4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) is a key enzyme linking the phenylpropanoic acid pathway and the specific lignin synthesis pathway. It mainly catalyzes cinnamic acid to generate the corresponding cinnamic acid-CoA ester, and serves as a regulatory point for the metabolic flow in the synthesis of lignin and other phenylpropanoid compounds. This enzyme mainly exists in higher plants, yeasts, and fungi. Studying this enzyme can help explore the metabolic mechanism of lignin deposition during the development of various biological cells.

4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) is a key enzyme linking the phenylpropanoic acid pathway and the specific lignin synthesis pathway. It mainly catalyzes cinnamic acid to generate the corresponding cinnamic acid-CoA ester, and serves as a regulatory point for the metabolic flow in the synthesis of lignin and other phenylpropanoid compounds. This enzyme mainly exists in higher plants, yeasts, and fungi. Studying this enzyme can help explore the metabolic mechanism of lignin deposition during the development of various biological cells.

Pectin is a major component of the primary cell wall and middle lamella, primarily consisting of protopectin, pectin methyl ester, and pectic acid. Pectin contains galacturonic acid, lactose, arabinose, glucuronic acid, making it the most abundant polysaccharide in the cell walls of many higher plants. Its unique physical and chemical properties influence the taste and quality of plant-based foods. Pectin molecules are cross-linked via Ca²⁺ bridges, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, glycosidic bonds, ester bonds, and phenyl ring couplings. Various extraction methods can yield different forms of pectin, such as water-soluble pectin (WSP), ion-bound pectin (ISP), and covalently bound pectin (CSP).

Chloroplasts are the most important and ubiquitous plastids in plant cells, serving as organelles for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts utilize their chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy, transforming CO₂ and water into sugars. They represent the world's lowest-cost, highest-yielding biological factories in terms of material production. The accurate and comprehensive isolation of chloroplasts with preserved normal activity has become a prerequisite for many research studies.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP), also known as fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and water to produce fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. It plays a critical role in gluconeogenesis and the synthesis of sucrose from photosynthetic assimilates.

Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is one of the key enzymes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the final step in the synthesis of lignin monomers. It catalyzes the reduction of various cinnamaldehydes (such as coumaraldehyde, sinapaldehyde, and coniferaldehyde) to their corresponding cinnamyl alcohols. This enzyme is predominantly found in higher plants, yeast, and fungi. Research on this enzyme can help elucidate the metabolic mechanisms of lignin deposition during the development of various biological cells, providing a basis for reducing stone cell content in fruits and improving their quality.