Energy Metabolism Kit

Citric Acid (CA), also known as citrate, is an important organic acid commonly found in living organisms,it is an significant food flavoring substance. Additionally, CA is a product formed in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle when an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is added to oxaloacetate.

Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase is widely distributed in plants, animals, microorganisms, and cells, where it catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to produce ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Citric Acid (CA), also known as citrate, is an important organic acid commonly found in living organisms,it is an significant food flavoring substance. Additionally, CA is a product formed in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle when an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is added to oxaloacetate.

Glucose-6-phosphate (6PG) is an intermediate product of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, widely existing in animals, plants, and microorganisms. In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is catalyzed by hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate, which is then catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase to form fructose-6-phosphate to proceed with other steps of glycolysis. In the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate is its first substrate, and this process is also the main pathway for NADPH generation. In addition, glucose-6-phosphate can be converted into glycogen or starch for storage.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is widely present in animals, plants, microorganisms, and cultured cells. Functioning as a coenzyme, it improves body metabolism and participates in the metabolism of fats, proteins, sugars, nucleic acids, and nucleotides, serving as the primary source of biological energy. The energy charge is a key parameter describing cellular energy metabolism status. Measuring ATP content and calculating energy charge can reflect the state of energy metabolism.

Aconitase (ACO) is an enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle that catalyzes the conversion of citric acid to isocitric acid. Citric acid itself is not easily oxidized. Under the action of aconitase, through dehydration and hydration reactions, the hydroxyl group is transferred from the β-carbon atom to the α-carbon atom, generating isocitric acid which is easy to be dehydrogenated and oxidized, preparing for further oxidative decarboxylation reactions.

Acetyl-CoA widely exists in animals, plants, microorganisms and cultured cells, and it is an important intermediate metabolite produced during the metabolism of energy substances in organisms. It is a pivotal substance in the metabolism of energy substances in the body. The three major nutrients, namely carbohydrates, fats and proteins, converge through acetyl-CoA into a common metabolic pathway - the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, through which they are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy for ATP synthesis. In addition, acetyl-CoA is a precursor substance for the synthesis of physiological active substances such as fatty acids, ketone bodies, cholesterol and their derivatives.

Aconitase (ACO) is an enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle that catalyzes the conversion of citric acid to isocitric acid. Citric acid itself is not easily oxidized. Under the action of aconitase, through dehydration and hydration reactions, the hydroxyl group is transferred from the β-carbon atom to the α-carbon atom, generating isocitric acid which is easy to be dehydrogenated and oxidized, preparing for further oxidative decarboxylation reactions.

Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase is widely distributed in plants, animals, microorganisms, and cells, where it catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to produce ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Acetyl-CoA widely exists in animals, plants, microorganisms and cultured cells, and it is an important intermediate metabolite produced during the metabolism of energy substances in organisms. It is a pivotal substance in the metabolism of energy substances in the body. The three major nutrients, namely carbohydrates, fats and proteins, converge through acetyl-CoA into a common metabolic pathway - the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, through which they are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy for ATP synthesis. In addition, acetyl-CoA is a precursor substance for the synthesis of physiological active substances such as fatty acids, ketone bodies, cholesterol and their derivatives.

Acetate kinase (ACK) mainly exists in microorganisms and catalyzes the conversion of acetate and ATP into acetyl phosphate and ADP. It is a key enzyme in bacterial carbon metabolism and energy metabolism, and plays a central role especially in the methanogenic metabolism of archaea.

Glucose-6-phosphate (6PG) is an intermediate product of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, widely existing in animals, plants, and microorganisms. In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is catalyzed by hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate, which is then catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase to form fructose-6-phosphate to proceed with other steps of glycolysis. In the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate is its first substrate, and this process is also the main pathway for NADPH generation. In addition, glucose-6-phosphate can be converted into glycogen or starch for storage.

Acetate kinase (ACK) mainly exists in microorganisms and catalyzes the conversion of acetate and ATP into acetyl phosphate and ADP. It is a key enzyme in bacterial carbon metabolism and energy metabolism, and plays a central role especially in the methanogenic metabolism of archaea.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is widely found in animals, plants, microorganisms, and cultured cells. It is a coenzyme that improves body metabolism, participates in the metabolism of fats, proteins, sugars, nucleic acids, and nucleotides within the body, and is the main source of biological energy. The Energy Charge is a key parameter describing the state of cellular energy metabolism. Measuring ATP content and calculating the Energy Charge can reflect the state of energy metabolism.