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ATP Synthase is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that synthesizes ATP using the proton gradient across the membrane during oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation. It consists of the F₀ subunit (proton channel) and F₁ subunit (catalytic domain). Proton flow through F₀ drives F₁ to convert ADP and Pi into ATP. ATP Synthase can also act in reverse, hydrolyzing ATP to pump protons, showcasing ATPase activity. It is essential for cellular energy production.
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