trolox

Trolox is a vitamin E analogue, used in reducing oxidative stress or damage.

(S)-Trolox, an analogue of vitamin E, substitutes the phytyl chain with a carboxyl group. This compound serves as a model substance in structural studies and as a standard for assessing antioxidant activity. Moreover, (S)-Trolox exhibits potent and specific neuroprotective and antioxidant properties.

(R)-Trolox is a selective tyrosinase inhibitor, used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.

Thymohydroquinone (Thymoquinol) is a monoterpenoid phenolic compound found in thyme, oregano, and other plants in the labiaceae family. Thymohydroquinone inhibits cancer cell growth, reduces oxidative stress and modulates inflammatory responses, scoured 2, 2-diphenyl-1-PicrylHydrazyl radicals in a cell-free assay (IC50 = 2.4 μg ml), In the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) test at concentrations of 1.6 to 6.4 μg ml, Its Trolox value was 2.6. Thymus hydroquinone inhibited the growth of A2780, OVCAR-8 and CIS-A2780 ovarian cancer cells (IC50 were 3.1, 8.9 and 9.8 μM, respectively) and human ovarian immortalized epithelial cells (IC50 = 14 μM). It also inhibited Plasmodium falciparum in vitro (IC50 = 15.9 μM).

Cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside is an anthocyanin antioxidant that has been found in eggplant. It scavenges radicals in a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay.

4-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate (4-Methylphenyl ITC) is recognized as an antioxidant demonstrating an IC50 of 1.25 mM for scavenging DPPH free radicals. Its antioxidant capacity, as shown by the ORAC test, is 11.7 mM TE, equivalent to the efficacy of 11.7 mmol Trolox under similar conditions. Additionally, it extends the oxidation process in the Briggs–Rauscher reaction by approximately 9180 seconds. The compound also exhibits moderate cholinesterase inhibitory activity, with an inhibition rate of 30.4% for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 17.9% for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Research suggests 4-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate holds promise for applications in antioxidant and neurological disorder studies.

Lycibarbarphenylpropanoid B, a phenylpropanoid derived from wolfberry, demonstrates potent antioxidant properties. It has a notable oxygen radical absorbance capacity, reflected by an ORAC value of 3.18 μmol Trolox μmol (Trolox is a standard reference antioxidant, indicating that each μM of Lycibarbarphenylpropanoid B has antioxidant activity equivalent to 3.18 μM Trolox).

Cytidine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (CDP-β-S), a non-hydrolyzable derivative of CDP exhibiting antioxidant activity, effectively scavenges free radicals as evidenced by its performance in the Trolox equivalent absorbance capacity (TEAC) assay at concentrations between 5 and 20 µM.

Resveratrol-3-O-sulfate is a metabolite of resveratrol . In U-937 cells stimulated with LPS, resveratrol-3-O-sulfate (1 μM) decreases the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by 61.2, 76.6, and 42.2%, respectively, and decreases the release of TNF-α and IL-6 to similar levels as resveratrol. It has antioxidant activity in a Trolox assay, dose-dependently decreases growth of Caco-2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells when used at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μM, and induces apoptosis at concentrations of 25 and 50 μM. Resveratrol-3-O-sulfate also displaces rosiglitazone from the outer mitochondrial protein mitoNEET (IC50 = 3.36 μM for the human protein), indicating that it binds to the thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) binding pocket.