small molecular

NSC348884 is a nucleophosmin inhibitor disrupts oligomer formation and induces apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation at an IC50 of 1.7-4.0 μM in distinct cancer cell lines.

(2E,4E,6Z)-Methyl deca-2,4,6-trienoate (Methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrienoate), a small molecular compound from the bed bug Thyanta pallidovirens, is a thermally unstable sexually attractive pheromone.

Deltarasin is a small molecular inhibitor of KRAS-PDEδ interaction with Kd of 38 nM for binding to purified PDEδ.

N-Methylhydantoin (1-Methyl-hydantoin) is a small molecular weight polar substance, the product of degradation of creatinine by bacteria. In mammals, the Metabolism of N-Methylhydantoin occurs via 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin. In a reported human case,N-Methylhydantoin was found as an unexpected metabolite of the intelligence-affecting substance dupracetam.

H-Phe-Trp-OH (Phenylalanyland tryptophan) is a small molecular dipeptide compound involved in protein synthesis in the body.

4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetic acid is a small molecular drug, active in Ig heavy chain V-I region and Ig gamma-2 chain C region.

Ciraparantag acetate, an anticoagulant reversal agent, is a small molecule specifically designed to bind noncovalently by charge-charge interaction to unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin. It shows binding characteristics that are similar to those of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).

WZ811 is a novel and effective small molecular CXCR4 antagonist (EC50: 0.3 nM).

E3 ligase Ligand 18 is a small molecule ligand that specifically binds to E3 ubiquitin ligase, and E3 ligase Ligand 18 can be chemically linked to a protein-targeting ligand through a molecular linker to construct proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which subsequently induce ubiquitination-mediated degradation of disease-related proteins such as oncogenic factors, thereby supporting the study of targeted protein degradation in cancer biology.

DB-381831 is an organic phosphorus compound with a complex molecular structure that includes a benzothiophene ring, carboxyl group, diethoxyphosphoryl group, and difluoromethyl group. It may be used as an important intermediate or reagent in organic synthesis reactions. DB-381831 is involved in the synthesis of AK-2292, a STAT5 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5) small molecule degradator.

7,8-Dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one is a bioactive small molecule used as a molecular building block for the synthesis of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase inhibitors.

Mal-N(Me)-C6-N(Me)-PNU-159682 (Compound 27) is an active molecular conjugate used in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), consisting of the ADC linker Mal-N(Me)-C6-N(Me) and the potent cytotoxin PNU-159682. This compound selectively delivers its payload to cells expressing CD46 and releases PNU-159682 through cathepsin B cleavage of the linker, inducing DNA damage and apoptosis. Mal-N(Me)-C6-N(Me)-PNU-159682 has demonstrated sustained tumor regression in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and colorectal cancer (CRC).

TP-2 is a multi-cationic small molecule with a rhomboid shape, serving as an antidote capable of fully neutralizing unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). It surpasses protamine in neutralization efficacy and is also biocompatible.

Conagenin is a small molecular immunomodulator isolated by Streptomyces roseosporus.

Ro 43-5054 is a small molecular, noncyclic peptidomimetic inhibitor.

Surfen dihydrochloride (Aminoquinuride dihydrochloride) is a potent small molecule antagonist of heparin sulfate with antibacterial and antiviral activity, and inhibits anthrax lethal factor, coagulation factor X, and lethal factor.Surfen inhibits the anticoagulant activity of both normal and low-molecular-weight heparin and inhibits heparin sulfation and heparin cleavage enzyme degradation.Surfen inhibits the blockade of FGF2 binding and signaling mediated by heparin acetylsulfate. Surfen inhibits the blockade of acetylheparin sulfate-mediated FGF2 binding and signaling.Surfen inhibits SEVI and semen-mediated enhancement of HIV type 1 infection.

D-myo-Inositol-4-phosphate (Ins(4)P1) is a member of the inositol phosphate (InsP) molecular family that play critical roles as small, soluble second messengers in the transmission of cellular signals. The most studied InsP, Ins(1,4,5)P3, is a second messenger produced in cells by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate. Binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum results in opening of the calcium channels and an increase in intracellular calcium. Ins(4)P1 can be formed by dephosphorylation of Ins(1,4)P2 by inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase or dephosphorylated to inositol by inositol monophosphatase.

DS-7423 is a dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor, with IC50 values of 15.6 nM and 34.9 nM for PI3Kα and mTOR, respectively, and exhibits anti-tumor activity[1][2]. It increases TP53 expression, the level of p-TP53 on Ser-46, and induces apoptosis-related TP53 target genes (TP53AIP1 and PUMA) in OCCC cells[1]. DS-7423 also inhibits other isoforms of class I PI3K with IC50 values of 1,143 nM for PI3Kβ, 249 nM for PI3Kγ, and 262 nM for PI3Kδ[2]. [1]. Katsutoshi Oda, et al. Characterization of TP53 and PI3K signaling pathways as molecular targets in gynecologic malignancies. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016 Jul;42(7):757-62. [2]. Tomoko Kashiyama, et al. Antitumor activity and induction of TP53-dependent apoptosis toward ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma by the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor DS-7423. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 4;9(2):e87220.

NHC-triphosphate triammonium is an active phosphorylated intracellular metabolite of β-d-N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) as a triphosphate form[1]. NHC-triphosphate triammonium is a weak alternative substrate for the viral polymerase and can be incorporated into HCV replicon RNA[1][2]. In an intracellular metabolism assay, HCV replicon cells are treated with 10 μM 3H-labeled NHC, and intracellular nucleotide levels are determined after 1, 2 and 8 hours incubations. NHC is rapidly convered into the mono-, di-, and triphosphate forms, and NHC-TP reaches up to 71.12 pM after 8 hours[1].NHC-triphosphate triammonium (NHC-TP) (5-40 μM) absence leads to full-length polymerization products, it can be a weak alternative substrate. In addition, incorporation of NHC-TP instead of CTP increases the molecular weight of the polymerization product by 16 (one extra oxygen) for each event and an obvious electrophoretic shift is observed in cell-free HCV NS5B polymerization reactions[1].Huh-7 cells are incubated with (10-50 μM; 4 h) NHC or a McGuigan phosphoramidate prodrug of NHC. Intracellular levels of the parental compounds and phosphorylated metabolites are measured using LC-MS/MS. Small amounts of NHC-monophosphate (MP) and NHC-diphosphate (DP) can be observed, while NHC-triphosphate triammonium remains the most abundant metabolite[2].NHC-triphosphate triammonium (NHC-TP) metabolite may directly target the viral polymerase and behave as a nonobligate chain terminator. It plays a prominent role in inhibiting early negative-strand RNA synthesis, either through chain termination or mutagenesis, which may in turn interfere with correct replicase complex formation. [1]. Stuyver LJ,et al. Ribonucleoside analogue that blocks replication of bovine viral diarrhea and hepatitis C viruses in culture.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jan;47(1):244-54. [2]. Maryam Ehteshami, et al. Characterization of β-d- N4-Hydroxycytidine as a Novel Inhibitor of Chikungunya Virus.

D-myo-Inositol-1,3-phosphate (Ins(1,3)P) is a member of the inositol phosphate (InsP) molecular family that play critical roles as small, soluble second messengers in the transmission of cellular signals. The most studied InsP, Ins(1,4,5)P3 is a second messenger produced in cells by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate. Binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum results in opening of the calcium channels and an increase in intracellular calcium. Ins(1,3)P2 can be dephosphorylated to Ins(1)P by inositol polyphosphate 3-phosphatase and further dephosphorylated to inositol by inositol monophosphatase.

Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria for controlling gene expression in response to increasing cell density.[1] This regulatory process manifests itself with a variety of phenotypes including biofilm formation and virulence factor production.[2] Coordinated gene expression is achieved by the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. The N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise one such class of autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled with homoserine lactone (HSL). Regulation of bacterial quorum sensing signaling systems to inhibit pathogenesis represents a new approach to antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of infectious diseases.[3] AHLs vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), in the substitution of C3 (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and in the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signal specificity through the affinity of transcriptional regulators of the LuxR family.[4] C16-HSL is one of a number of lipophilic, long acyl side-chain bearing AHLs, including its monounsaturated analog C16:1-(L)-HSL, produced by the LuxI AHL synthase homolog SinI involved in quorum-sensing signaling in S. meliloti, a nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiont of certain legumes.[5],[6] C16-HSL is the most abundant AHL produced by the proteobacterium R. capsulatus and activates genetic exchange between R. capsulatus cells.[7] N-Hexadecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone and other hydrophobic AHLs tend to localize in relatively lipophilic cellular environments of bacteria and cannot diffuse freely through the cell membrane. The long-chain N-acylhomoserine lactones may be exported from cells by efflux pumps or may be transported between communicating cells by way of extracellular outer membrane vesicles.[8],[9]Reference:[1]. González, J.E., and Keshavan, N.D. Messing with bacterial quorum sensing Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70(4), 859-875 (2006).[2]. Gould, T.A., Herman, J., Krank, J., et al. Specificity of acyl-homoserine lactone syntheses examined by mass spectrometry Journal of Bacteriology 188(2), 773-783 (2006).[3]. Cegelski, L., Marshall, G.R., Eldridge, G.R., et al. The biology and future prospects of antivirulence therapies Nature Reviews.Microbiology 6(1), 17-27 (2008).[4]. Penalver, C.G.N., Morin, D., Cantet, F., et al. Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 produces a novel type of acyl-homoserine lactone with a double unsaturated side chain under methylotrophic growth conditions FEBS Letters 580, 561-567 (2006).[5]. Gao, M., Chen, H., Eberhard, A., et al. sinI- and expR-dependent quorum sensing in Sinorhizobium meliloti Journal of Bacteriology 187(23), 7931-7944 (2005).[6]. Teplitski, M., Eberhard, A., Gronquist, M.R., et al. Chemical identification of N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti strains in defined medium Archives of Microbiology 180, 494-497 (2003).[7]. Schaefer, A.L., Taylor, T.A., Beatty, J.T., et al. Long-chain acyl-homoserine lactone quorum-sensing regulation of Rhodobacter capsulatus gene transfer agent production Journal of Bacteriology 184(23), 6515-6521 (2002).[8]. Pearson, J.P., Van Delden, C., and Iglewski, B.H. Active efflux and diffusion are involved in transport of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell-to-cell signals Journal of Bacteriology 181(4), 1203-1210 (1999).[9]. Mashburn-Warren, L., and Whiteley, M. Special delivery: Vesicle trafficking in prokaryotes Molecular Microbiology 61(4), 839-846 (2006).

Broxaldine (Brobenzoxaldine) is a small molecular drug with antiprotozoal activity.

BIIB028 is a small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor BIIB028 blocks the binding of oncogenic client proteins to Hsp90, which may result in the proteasomal degradation of these proteins and so the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that plays a key role in the conformational maturation of oncogenic signaling proteins, such as Her2 Erbb2, Akt, Raf1, Bcr-Abl, and mutated p53, in addition to other molecules involved in cell cycle regulation and immune responses.

JA2131, a small molecular inhibitor targeting Poly(ADP-ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG), has an IC50 value of 0.4 μM, modulates DNA damage responses, induces replication fork stalling, and leads to cancer cell death.