pupil

Tropicamide (Ro 1-7683) is a synthetic muscarinic antagonist with anticholinergic properties similar to atropine. Upon ocular administration, it binds to and blocks muscarinic receptors in the sphincter and ciliary muscles, inhibiting cholinergic responses and causing pupil dilation and ciliary muscle paralysis. Tropicamide is used as a diagnostic agent to induce short-duration mydriasis and cycloplegia.

Acetylcholine Chloride is the chloride salt form of acetylcholine, a synthetic, quaternary amino alcohol with cholinergic properties. Acetylcholine chloride (Pilofrin) mimics the parasympathomimetic effect of the endogenous compound acetylcholine. Administered as an ophthalmic solution, this drug stimulates the cholinoceptors in the sphincter muscle of the iris, causing the pupil to constrict.

Epinephrine HCl is a hormone and neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla. It acts as a dose-dependent agonist of α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptors, regulating the sympathetic nervous system to enhance vasoconstriction, bronchial dilation, and cardiac activity.

Atropine methyl bromide (Methylatropine bromide) is a quaternary ammonium salt of atropine, characterized as a muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist. It functions as a mydriatic to dilate the pupil during ophthalmic examination. Compared to atropine, it demonstrates reduced penetration into the central nervous system[1][2]. Its high polarity makes it particularly effective in relieving pyloric spasm in infants.

Axomadol hydrochloride has an effect on pupil diameter and nociception in healthy subjects.

D-Epinephrine can be used as a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication. Epinephrine can be normally obtained from the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It involves in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the hear

Homatropine hydrochloride is an orally active anticholinergic agent that rapidly dilates pupils with cycloplegic effects and has antitussive properties, used in research on ocular diseases and coughs [1].