pigmentation

It is an isomer of cresotinic acid (2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid) and oxymethylbenzoic acid (2-methoxybenzoic acid). Derivatives of mandelic acid are formed as a result of metabolism of adrenaline and noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase. It is also present in certain skin care products, is an intermediate molecule in the production of other biochemicals, may be used as an analytical reagent and is a precursor in the manufacture of dyes. Mandelic acid (acidomandelico) is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Nonapeptide-1 (Melanostatine™ 5) can inhibit the synthesis of melanin, which makes it of interest for treating certain skin conditions.

Mequinol (Leucobasal) is a synthetic derivate of hydroquinone and depigmenting agent. Although the exact mechanism of the depigmenting effects of mequinol remains unclear, it may exert its effect by oxidation of tyrosinase to cytotoxic products in melanocytes.

Monobenzone (Benoquin) is a Depigmenting Agent. The mechanism of action of monobenzone is as a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor. The physiologic effect of monobenzone is by means of Depigmenting Activity.

Azelaic acid (Anchoic acid) is a component of hair and skin conditioners and is produced by the ozonolysis of oleic acid. Azelaic acid has bacteriostatic activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis by inhibiting protoprotein synthesis in microbial cells. Azelaic acid also has the ability to inhibit pigmentation due to its free radical scavenging action.

γ-Oryzanol (Gamma-Oryzanol) is a natural nutrient extract isolated from rice bran oil that contains a mixture of sterols and ferulic acids, which may aid in the destruction of free radicals in the skin. It has recently been researched for its ability to slow the progress of melanin pigmentation by intercepting the ultraviolet rays at the skin's surface and hindering their transmission.

Dersimelagon (MT-7117) is an orally active, selective melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) agonist with EC50 values ​​of 8.16, 3.91, 1.14, and 0.251 nM for human (h), cynomolgus monkey (cm), mouse (m), and rat (r) MC1R, respectively. Dersimelagon exhibits good affinity for hMC1R and hMC4R, with Ki values ​​of 2.26 and 32.9 nM, respectively. Dersimelagon can be used in the study of skin pigmentation[1].

(+)-Pinanediol is a chiral terpene diol identified as (1S,2S,3R,5S)-(+)-Pinanediol, and it acts as a potent inducer of melanin biosynthesis. (+)-Pinanediol promotes pigmentation and nitric oxide (NO) production in S91 melanoma cells, suggesting its involvement in melanogenic signaling pathways and its utility as a bioactive compound in pigment cell biology research.

mTYR-IN-1 (compound 3e) is a reversible and competitive inhibitor of mTYR, with an IC50 value of 4.86 μM. This compound can be utilized in studies focused on skin pigmentation.

Tyrosinase-IN-43 (Compound 12j) is a competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 10.49 μM for tyrosinase. It exhibits significant antioxidant activity and can be used in the study and treatment of pigmentation-related conditions such as melasma, freckles, age spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

4-Propylresorcinol is an alkylresorcinol compound that blocks the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine in melanin biosynthesis by competitively inhibiting the active site of tyrosinase. As a highly effective tyrosinase inhibitor that reduces melanin production, it is commonly used in skin whitening and pigmentation-related research.

Tyrosinase-IN-46 (Compound III19) is a tyrosinase inhibitor with IC50 values of 3.24 nM for L-dopa and 2.79 nM for L-tyrosine. It reduces melanin synthesis, exhibiting a significant anti-pigmentation effect. Tyrosinase-IN-46 is applicable in the study of pigmentation disorders.

Tyrosinase-IN-7 is a potent small-molecule inhibitor of tyrosinase, with an IC50 value of 1.57 μM. Tyrosinase-IN-7 inhibits melanin-related enzymatic activity and exhibits suppression of cell growth while maintaining minimal cytotoxicity. Tyrosinase-IN-7 serves as a valuable tool compound in pigmentation, dermatological, and cancer research.

6-O-Isobutyrylbritannilactone is a natural sesquiterpene and melanogenesis inhibitor capable of suppressing IBMX-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. It modulates ERK, CREB, and PI3K/AKT pathways while reducing pigmentation in zebrafish embryos.

Nonapeptide-1 (Melanostatine-5) acetate salt is a peptide hormone that functions as a selective and competitive antagonist of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) with a binding affinity (K i) of 40 nM. It effectively inhibits α-MSH-induced increases in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) and melanosome dispersion in melanocytes, with inhibitory concentrations (IC 50) of 2.5 nM and 11 nM, respectively. By inhibiting melanin synthesis, Nonapeptide-1 acetate salt is used in research related to skin pigmentation, adrenal gland steroid production regulation, and skin cancer [1] [2] [3].

N,N′-Diferuloylputrescine acts as a pigment inhibitor, showing a 57% reduction in pigmentation. It also considerably diminishes the protein expression of MITF and displays potent antioxidant properties as a radical scavenger against reactive oxygen species [1].

Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-10 is a bioactive peptide that works synergistically with other active ingredients to increase the expression of corneodesmosin (a marker of keratinocyte adhesion) and filaggrin (a marker of keratinocyte terminal differentiation), thereby reducing skin permeability and improving skin barrier function. Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-10 can be used in research on sensitive skin syndrome and skin pigmentation.

[His7] Corazonin, a neurohormone in Locusta migratoria, stimulates dark pigmentation in the insect's cuticle and epidermis [1].

(R)-(+)-Deoxyarbutin, an isomer of deoxyarbutin, acts as a tyrosinase inhibitor. Effective at a concentration of 21 µM, it diminishes tyrosinase activity and has been demonstrated to lighten the skin in hairless guinea pigs with dark, medium, and light pigmentation when applied at a 1% concentration.

Tyrosinase-IN-29 (compound 5c) is an effective inhibitor of abTYR tyrosinase, demonstrating an IC50 value of 6.11 μM. It is suitable for further research into the inhibition of excessive skin pigmentation.

Tyrosinase-IN-34 (compound 5a), a human tyrosinase inhibitor (IC 50: 3.5 μM), shows promise in regulating melanogenesis and pigmentation.

Anti-PMEL Antibody is a potent monoclonal antibody targeting the melanocyte-specific protein PMEL (gp100), acting by specifically binding to the fibrillar matrix formed during melanosome maturation. The compound is an essential tool for investigating melanocyte differentiation, melanosome biogenesis, and pigmentation-related pathological mechanisms, aiming to quantitatively evaluate cellular metabolic and differentiation states by identifying processed, mature PMEL proteins.

Azelaic acid (Standard) is the standard substance of Azelaic acid, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Azelaic acid (Anchoic acid) is a component of hair and skin conditioners and is produced by the ozonolysis of oleic acid. Azelaic acid has bacteriostatic activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis by inhibiting protoprotein synthesis in microbial cells. Azelaic acid also has the ability to inhibit pigmentation due to its free radical scavenging action.

5β,6α-Dihydroxy-3β-(β-glucopyranosyloxy)-7-megastigmen-9-one (Compound 2) is a chemical compound identified in Agastache rugosa. This compound shows potential for research into skin pigmentation-related disorders.