pigmentation

It is an isomer of cresotinic acid (2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid) and oxymethylbenzoic acid (2-methoxybenzoic acid). Derivatives of mandelic acid are formed as a result of metabolism of adrenaline and noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase. It is also present in certain skin care products, is an intermediate molecule in the production of other biochemicals, may be used as an analytical reagent and is a precursor in the manufacture of dyes. Mandelic acid (acidomandelico) is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Azelaic acid (Anchoic acid) is a component of hair and skin conditioners and is produced by the ozonolysis of oleic acid. Azelaic acid has bacteriostatic activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis by inhibiting protoprotein synthesis in microbial cells. Azelaic acid also has the ability to inhibit pigmentation due to its free radical scavenging action.

γ-Oryzanol (Gamma-Oryzanol) is a natural nutrient extract isolated from rice bran oil that contains a mixture of sterols and ferulic acids, which may aid in the destruction of free radicals in the skin. It has recently been researched for its ability to slow the progress of melanin pigmentation by intercepting the ultraviolet rays at the skin's surface and hindering their transmission.

N,N′-Diferuloylputrescine acts as a pigment inhibitor, showing a 57% reduction in pigmentation. It also considerably diminishes the protein expression of MITF and displays potent antioxidant properties as a radical scavenger against reactive oxygen species [1].

Vinaginsenoside R4 was isolated from the leaves of hydroponically grown ginseng. It inhibits melanin biosynthesis and enhances pigmentation in zebrafish without any cytotoxic effects on melan-a cells. It may have potential as a new skin whitening compound.

Dodoviscin A may be a new promising pigmentation-altering agent for cosmetic and therapeutic applications, it can inhibit melanin biosynthesis induced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and PD98059.Dodoviscin A can promote adipocyte differentiation as charact