palmitic

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.1 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.2 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.2,3,4,5,6 |1. Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patients. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39(1), 52-62 (1995).|2. Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 276(20), 16683-16689 (2001).|3. Dietzen, D.J., Hastings, W.R., and Lublin, D.M. Caveolin is palmitoylated on multiple cysteine residues. Palmitoylation is not necessary for localization of caveolin to caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 270(12), 6838-6842 (1995).|4. Robinson, L.J., and Michel, T. Mutagenesis of palmitoylation sites in endothelial nitric oxide synthase identifies a novel motif for dual acylation and subcellular targeting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92(25), 11776-11780 (1995).|5. Topinka, J.R., and Bredt, D.S. N-terminal palmitoylation of PSD-95 regulates association with cell membranes and interaction with K+ channel Kv1.4. Neuron 20(1), 125-134 (1998).|6. Miggin, S.M., Lawler, O.A., and Kinsella, B.T. Palmitoylation of the human prostacyclin receptor. Functional implications of palmitoylation and isoprenylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278(9), 6947-6958 (2003).

Palmitic acid-13C (C1, C2, C3, and C4 labeled) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a common 16-carbon saturated fat that represents 10-20% of human dietary fat intake and comprises approximately 25 and 65% of human total plasma lipids and saturated fatty acids, respectively.1,2Acylation of palmitic acid to proteins facilitates anchoring of membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer and trafficking of intracellular proteins, promotes protein-vesicle interactions, and regulates various G protein-coupled receptor functions.1Red blood cell palmitic acid levels are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome and are also increased in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to individuals without diabetes.3,4 1.Fatima, S., Hu, X., Gong, R.-H., et al.Palmitic acid is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in disease developmentCell. Mol. Life Sci.76(13)2547-2557(2019) 2.Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al.Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patientsAnn. Nutr. Metab.39(1)52-62(1995) 3.Yi, L.-Z., He, J., Liang, Y.-Z., et al.Plasma fatty acid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC/MS and PLS-LDAFEBS Lett.580(30)6837-6845(2006) 4.Kabagambe, E.K., Tsai, M.Y., Hopkins, P.N., et al.Erythrocyte fatty acid composition and the metabolic syndrome: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute GOLDN studyClin. Chem.54(1)154-162(2008)

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid-13C contains 13C at the C2 position and has been used in the study of free fatty acid incorporation into phospholipid fatty acids in soil microbes.1 Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.2 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.3 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.3,4,5,6,7 |1. Dippold, M.A., and Kuzyakov, Y. Direct incorporation of fatty acids into microbial phospholipids in soils: Position-specific labeling tells the story. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 174(1), 211-221 (2016).|2. Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patients. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39(1), 52-62 (1995).|3. Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 276(20), 16683-16689 (2001).|4. Dietzen, D.J., Hastings, W.R., and Lublin, D.M. Caveolin is palmitoylated on multiple cysteine residues. Palmitoylation is not necessary for localization of caveolin to caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 270(12), 6838-6842 (1995).|5. Robinson, L.J., and Michel, T. Mutagenesis of palmitoylation sites in endothelial nitric oxide synthase identifies a novel motif for dual acylation and subcellular targeting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92(25), 11776-11780 (1995).|6. Topinka, J.R., and Bredt, D.S. N-terminal palmitoylation of PSD-95 regulates association with cell membranes and interaction with K+ channel Kv1.4. Neuron 20(1), 125-134 (1998).|7. Miggin, S.M., Lawler, O.A., and Kinsella, B.T. Palmitoylation of the human prostacyclin receptor. Functional implications of palmitoylation and isoprenylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278(9), 6947-6958 (2003).

Sodium palmitate-13C is the 13C-labeled variant of palmitic acid, a long-chain saturated fatty acid prevalent in animals and plants. This compound has been shown to induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-13C16 sodium, a 13C-labeled form of the naturally occurring saturated fatty acid Palmitic acid sodium, is prevalent in animals and plants. This compound can trigger the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-13C2 is the 13C-labeled Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. Palmitic acid can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-d4 is the deuterated form of Palmitic acid. This compound is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in animals and plants. Palmitic acid is known to induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in murine granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-d2 is the deuterated form of Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in animals and plants. It is known to induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-d9 is the deuterated form of Palmitic acid. A long-chain saturated fatty acid, Palmitic acid is commonly found in animals and plants. It has the ability to induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in murine granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-d31 (sodium) is the deuterated form of palmitic acid.

Palmitic acid-d4-1 is the deuterated form of Palmitic acid. This compound is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in animals and plants. Palmitic acid has the ability to induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in murine granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-d31 is the deuterated form of palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in animals and plants. It can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in murine granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-13C16 is a form of Palmitic acid that is labeled with 13C. As a long-chain saturated fatty acid, Palmitic acid is commonly found in both animals and plants. It can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-d17 is the deuterated form of Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. It has the ability to induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-d3 (sodium) is a deuterated form of Palmitic acid.

Palmitic acid-d1 is the deuterated form of Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in animals and plants. It can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in murine granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-15,15,16,16,16-d5 is a deuterated form of Palmitic acid. This compound is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in animals and plants. Palmitic acid can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-16,16,16-d3 is a deuterated compound of Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid has a CAS number of 57-10-3. Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms with anti-tumor activity.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a class of endogenous lipids whose levels are modulated by fasting and high-fat diets, and they play a role in insulin sensitivity. These compounds consist of a fatty acid—either a C-16 or C-18, such as palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid—esterified to a hydroxylated C-16 or C-18 lipid. One notable FAHFA, 9-PAHSA, features an ester linkage between palmitic acid and 9-hydroxy stearic acid. PAHSAs, with 9-PAHSA being the most prevalent isomer, are significantly found in the serum and both white and brown adipose tissues of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice, which express the Glut4 gene in adipose tissue, enhancing insulin sensitivity. Additionally, 9-PAHSA is abundant in wild type and AG4OX mice and present in humans, though at reduced levels in those with insulin resistance. 9-PAHSA is associated with improved glucose tolerance, enhanced insulin secretion, and anti-inflammatory effects in mice. The compound 19-PAHSA^13C4 represents an isotopically enriched form of this polyunsaturated fatty acid.

1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PA (1-palmitoyl-d9LPA) serves as an internal standard for the quantification of 1-palmitoyl LPA using GC- or LC-MS. This compound, an analog of LPA with palmitic acid at the sn-1 position, activates reporter gene expression in PC12 cells fitted with human lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 (LPA4) at 0.01 to 10 µM concentrations. Additionally, 1-palmitoyl LPA prompts aggregation in isolated human platelets within the 12-300 µM range, a process reversible by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), theophylline, or EDTA. It also interacts with calcium and magnesium to boost the efficacy of ampicillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime against P. aeruginosa strains from cystic fibrosis patients.

1-1(Z)-Hexadecenyl-2-palmitoyl-d9-sn-glycero-3-PE serves as an internal standard for quantitating 1-1(Z)-hexadecenyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE, which is a plasmalogen incorporating 1(Z)-hexadecanoic acid and palmitic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions respectively, in analyses performed using GC- or LC-MS.

1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol serves as an internal standard for quantifying 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol using GC or LC-MS techniques. This diacylglycerol, featuring palmitic acid at both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, stimulates protein kinase C (PKC) activity by 15% at a 25 μM concentration. Additionally, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol encourages rapid growth in Frankia, a genus of Gram-positive bacteria.

Melatonin-d7 is the deuterated form of melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that activates melatonin receptors. It plays a role in sleep and possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor, melatonin induces apoptosis in human liver cancer cells by downregulating COX-2. Additionally, melatonin mitigates palmitic acid-induced apoptosis in mouse granulosa cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress.