nervous systems

Apelin-13 is a 13-amino acid peptide sequence found in the central and peripheral nervous system that is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor angiotensin II protein J (APJ), with an EC50 value of 0.37 nM for APJ.Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activity and can be used to study type 2 diabetic syndrome. Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activities and can be used to study type 2 diabetes syndrome.

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

Tyramine (Uteramine) is an indirect sympathomimetic that occurs naturally in cheese and other foods. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and MONOAMINE OXIDASE to prolong the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals and may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

Biperiden (Bipariden) is a muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.

Acetylcholine, a quaternary ammonium neurotransmitter, is used in biochemical research to study signal transduction in central/peripheral nervous systems.

Pi-Methylimidazoleacetic acid, considered a potential neurotoxin, targets the nervous system and may pose significant health risks when absorbed or metabolized within biological systems.

Octopamine, an alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine biosynthesized from tyramine, is used to treat hypotension and may act as a cardiotonic. It may be found in the platelets, CNS, and invertebrate nervous systems.

Oxysophocarpine is an alkaloid extracted from seaweed. It has neuroprotective and antinociceptive effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems.

PD 140376 is a highly selective antagonist radioligand for the cholecystokinin(B)-gastrin receptor in guinea pig gastric mucosa & cerebral cortex in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Neurokinin A (4-10), nle(10)- is a neurologically active peptide translated from the pre-protachykinin gene. Neurokinin A has many excitatory effects on mammalian nervous systems and on the mammalian inflammatory and pain responses.

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide is an endogenous sulfated glycolipid, which are also known as sulfatides . Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide is the major sulfatide in mature myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Levels of Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide are elevated in plasma derived from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency, leading to sulfatide accumulation. Unlike C24:1 3'-sulfo galactosylceramide, it does not induce an immune response in mouse splenocytes in vitro.

RET-IN-9 is a potent inhibitor of RET, a single-channel transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase involved in kidney and enteric nervous system development, as well as in maintaining homeostasis in the nervous, endocrine, hematopoietic, and male reproductive systems. RET-IN-9 is potentially useful in studying RET-related diseases, including non-small cell lung cancer and medullary thyroid cancer.

α-Conotoxin Vc1.1 are potent, short peptide neurotoxins derived from the venom of marine cone snails that selectively and competitively block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the nervous system, serving as highly specific molecular probes to dissect nAChR subtype function and as promising drug discovery leads for pain management, oncology research, and neurological disorder studies by precisely modulating neurotransmission, inhibiting nerve signal propagation, and inducing controlled paralysis in experimental systems.

α-CGRP (human) TFA is a 37-amino acid regulatory neuropeptide extensively located within the central and peripheral nervous systems, functioning as a potent vasodilator [1].

γ-Bag cell peptide, a peptide situated near the N-terminus of the egg-laying prohormone, is released from vesicles upon insulin stimulation. It is utilized in research pertaining to both the central and peripheral nervous systems [1].

Secretin (swine), a neuroendocrine hormone first identified as secreted by S cells in the duodenal mucosa, is a 27-amino acid peptide targeting secretin receptors. Present in all mature enteroendocrine cell subsets, it is stimulated by fatty acids and promotes pancreatic secretion of water and bicarbonate. Secretin has diverse effects on organ systems and is utilized in research on the digestive system, central nervous system, and energy metabolism [1][2].

Gluten Exorphin A5, a wheat gluten-derived peptide, exhibits neuroprotective properties and influences both the central and peripheral nervous systems [1].

[Thr28, Nle31]-Cholecystokinin (25-33) is a bioactive peptide analog of Cholecystokinin (CCK) that functions as both a hormone and neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, playing a role in satiation by inhibiting food intake. Compared to native CCK8, this analog displays enhanced stability in acidic environments and resistance to air oxidation, due to the substitution of Methionine with Threonine at position 28 and Norleucine at position 31. Structurally, it features a gamma-turn at Thr4, followed by a Gly5-separated helical region encompassing the C-terminal residues.

Astragaloside IV (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving Astragaloside IV. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

Oxysophocarpine (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving Oxysophocarpine. Oxysophocarpine is an alkaloid extracted from seaweed. It has neuroprotective and antinociceptive effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems.

β-CGRP, human ,a 37-amino acid peptide,is the beta form of Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (β-CGRP), involved extensively in regulation of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. β-CGRP contains a disulphide bridge at the N-terminus, a C-terminal phenylal

Neuropeptide Y (22-36), a 15-amino-acid peptide, is a fragment of Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino-acid neuropeptide involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY, the most abundant peptide in the mammalian central nervous system, is secreted alongside neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate.

Dynorphin A is an endogenous opioid peptide and a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, with some agonistic activity on μ- and δ-opioid receptors. It primarily functions as a neurotransmitter and regulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems, exerting analgesic and mood-regulating effects.