nervous systems

Apelin-13 is a 13-amino acid peptide sequence found in the central and peripheral nervous system that is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor angiotensin II protein J (APJ), with an EC50 value of 0.37 nM for APJ.Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activity and can be used to study type 2 diabetic syndrome. Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activities and can be used to study type 2 diabetes syndrome.

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

α-CGRP (human) TFA is a 37-amino acid regulatory neuropeptide extensively located within the central and peripheral nervous systems, functioning as a potent vasodilator [1].

γ-Bag cell peptide, a peptide situated near the N-terminus of the egg-laying prohormone, is released from vesicles upon insulin stimulation. It is utilized in research pertaining to both the central and peripheral nervous systems [1].

Secretin (swine), a neuroendocrine hormone first identified as secreted by S cells in the duodenal mucosa, is a 27-amino acid peptide targeting secretin receptors. Present in all mature enteroendocrine cell subsets, it is stimulated by fatty acids and promotes pancreatic secretion of water and bicarbonate. Secretin has diverse effects on organ systems and is utilized in research on the digestive system, central nervous system, and energy metabolism [1][2].

Gluten Exorphin A5, a wheat gluten-derived peptide, exhibits neuroprotective properties and influences both the central and peripheral nervous systems [1].

[Thr28, Nle31]-Cholecystokinin (25-33) is a bioactive peptide analog of Cholecystokinin (CCK) that functions as both a hormone and neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, playing a role in satiation by inhibiting food intake. Compared to native CCK8, this analog displays enhanced stability in acidic environments and resistance to air oxidation, due to the substitution of Methionine with Threonine at position 28 and Norleucine at position 31. Structurally, it features a gamma-turn at Thr4, followed by a Gly5-separated helical region encompassing the C-terminal residues.

β-CGRP, human ,a 37-amino acid peptide,is the beta form of Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (β-CGRP), involved extensively in regulation of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. β-CGRP contains a disulphide bridge at the N-terminus, a C-terminal phenylal

Neuropeptide Y (22-36), a 15-amino-acid peptide, is a fragment of Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino-acid neuropeptide involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY, the most abundant peptide in the mammalian central nervous system, is secreted alongside neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate.

Dynorphin A is an endogenous opioid peptide and a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, with some agonistic activity on μ- and δ-opioid receptors. It primarily functions as a neurotransmitter and regulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems, exerting analgesic and mood-regulating effects.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that exerts its activity via G-protein-coupled receptors. NPY is widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It modulates a variety of physiological processes, e.g. the central reg