muscle disorders

Terodiline is a seconal amine with anticholinergic and calcium antagonistic properties that blocks the hERG current (IC50: 375 nM).Terodiline is cardiotoxic and has been used in the study of disorders caused by urethral muscle instability.

Glabridin (KB-289522) may serve as an anti-inflammatory agent in diabetes-related vascular dysfunction, through regulating the synthesis and activity of iNOS under high-glucose levels; may possess a therapeutic effect on metabolic disorders( such as diabetes and hyperglycemia), by modulating glucose metabolism through AMPK in skeletal muscle cells. Glabridin may have potential as a chemopreventive agent against liver Y metastasis, by inhibiting the invasion of human HCC cells.

Argiotoxin 636 is a toxin and serves as a non-specific, non-competitive, and effective antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR). It inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission in neurons and has paralyzing and muscle relaxant effects. Argiotoxin 636 can be utilized for research in neurological disorders.

Galectin-3-IN-6 (Compound 12) is an orally active galectin-3 (Gal-3) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 12 nM and a Kd of 13 nM for Gal-3. In a CCl4-induced mouse model of acute liver injury and fibrosis, Galectin-3-IN-6 significantly reduces fibrosis markers collagen-1 and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) by 64% and 71%, respectively, demonstrating notable anti-fibrotic activity. Galectin-3-IN-6 is applicable for research in fibrosis-related diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders.

PSSI-51 is an orally active inhibitor of succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) with selectivity for peripheral tissues. It effectively inhibits SCOT activity in peripheral tissues such as muscle and kidney, without affecting SCOT activity in brain tissue. By inhibiting SCOT, PSSI-51 reduces ketone body oxidation, thereby improving obesity-related hyperglycemia. It shows potential for research in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in addressing obesity-related metabolic disorders.

Cromakalim (BRL 34915) is an ATP-dependent K(+) channel opener and a smooth muscle relaxant.Cromakalim has antiepileptic and anticonvulsant activity and may be useful in studies of asthma and disorders associated with vasodilation.

Tacrine hydrochloride hydrate (Tetrahydroaminacrine) is a cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.

HS38 is a specific and ATP-competitive DAPK inhibitor with Kds of 300 nM, 200 nM, and 280 nM for DAPK1, PIM3, and ZIPK. HS38 can be used in studies about smooth muscle-related disorders.

Clencyclohexerol is an analog of clenbuterol. β-Adrenoceptor agonists, including clenbuterol, modulate protein synthesis and degradation and have therapeutic potential in muscle wasting disorders. β-adrenoceptor agonists have deleterious cardiovascular side effects when used systemically and at high concentrations.

Stamulumab (MYO-029), a recombinant human IgG1λ antibody, targets and neutralizes myostatin by inhibiting its interaction with the ActRIIB receptor, leading to muscle fiber hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia in SCID mice. This compound shows research potential for treating disorders such as Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD), and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) [1] [2].

SLU-PP-332 is a pan-estrogen receptor-related receptor (ERR) agonist with high affinity for ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ, exhibiting EC50 values of 98, 230, and 430 nM, respectively. SLU-PP-332 enhances mitochondrial function and cellular respiration, increases type IIa oxidized skeletal muscle fibers, and enhances exercise tolerance in skeletal muscle cell lines. It has potential applications in the study of metabolic diseases, improvement of muscle function, and amelioration of metabolic disorders and aging.

Efmitermant alfa (ACE-083), a follistatin-based fusion protein with localized action, functions as a muscle-promoting agent and is utilized in the study of muscle disorders [1] [2].

Landogrozumab (LY2495655) is a humanized anti-Growth Differentiation Factor-8 (GDF-8) monoclonal antibody that improves muscle size and may be used to study cancer and neurological disorders.