muscarinic achr

Anisodamine (6-beta-Hydroxyhyoscyamine) is an antagonist of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoceptor with similar affinities at the muscarinic receptor as scopolamine and atropine. Anisodamine improve the microcirculation in states of shock and can be used in studies about organophosphate poisoning.

L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine) functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility.

Anagyrine hydrochloride ((-)-Anagyrine hydrochloride), a quinolizidine alkaloid discovered in Lupinus albus, interacts with both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, demonstrating IC50 values of 132 and 2096 µM, respectively. This compound is recognized for its potent and direct ability to desensitize nAChR without the need for metabolic activation [1] [2] [3].

Fustin is the phytogenic flavanol component of the plant Rhus verniciflua Stokes. Fustin shows protective effects on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell death.