ischemic

Colivelin is a neuroprotective peptide and activator of STAT3. Colivelin is a hybrid peptide synthesized to enhance the neuroprotective effects of humanin (HN).

Levocarnitine propionate (L-Propionylcarnitine) is a propionyl-coenzyme A (Pro-CoA) derivative with anti-ischemic effects and high affinity for muscle L-carnitine transferase. Levocarnitine propionate enhances substrate oxidation and mitochondrial respiration in the heart of diabetic rats, reduces gastric ulcer area, induces mucosal recovery, and can be used to study acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic gastric ulcers in Alzheimer's disease.

Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) is a postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) inhibitor with neuroprotective and antiepileptic effects.Tat-NR2B9c inhibits PSD-95d2, PSD-95d1, and PSD-95, which prevents the activation of NMDA-induced NADPH oxidase in neurons, thereby blocking the production of superoxide, which reduces ischemic injury in the acute phase after stroke.

GM-604(alirinetide) is a potential treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and ischemic stroke.

Epsilon-V1-2 has been extensively investigated for its function as a PKC epsilon (PKCε) inhibitor. Epsilon-V1-2 has been widely applied in studies addressing ovarian aging, apoptosis in human granulosa cells, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, brain development, hepatocyte insulin signaling, and neuronal cell death under ischemic conditions. Epsilon-V1-2 has been shown to effectively reduce PKCε activity, thereby enabling detailed exploration of regulatory pathways involving mitochondrial dynamics, calcium overload, AKT activation, brain atrophy, insulin resistance, and ferroptosis. Epsilon-V1-2 demonstrates notable therapeutic relevance in models of stroke, SHORT syndrome, hepatic steatosis, and brain injury, supporting its continued evaluation as a potential pharmacological agent across multiple disease contexts.

NNZ 2591, a synthetic analogue of cyclic glycine-proline (cGP), exhibits oral activity and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This compound demonstrates neuroprotective properties following ischemic brain injury and improves motor function in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. NNZ 2591 holds research potential for ischemic brain injury and Angelman syndrome [1] [2] [3].

MR 409, a selective growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) agonist, exhibits notable neuroprotective properties by augmenting endogenous neurogenesis in cerebral ischemic mice and demonstrates the ability to inhibit in vivo lung cancer growth [1] [2] [3] [4].

LQVTDSGLYRCVIYHPP (LP17) TFA is a TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells) inhibitory peptide that significantly reduces ischemic infarction and neuronal damage, with the ability to penetrate the brain to inhibit TREM-1 [1].

Tat-peptide 190-208 TFA is a Tat-labeled, cell-permeable fusion peptide derived from residues 190-208 of rat G3BP1. The HIV-derived Tat sequence at the peptide's least conserved region confers cellular permeability. This compound promotes axon growth and enhances neurite formation per neuron, suggesting an axon intrinsic mechanism of action. Additionally, it has potential applications in providing ischemic protection during endovascular repair of intracranial aneurysms [1].

TAT-CIRP, a trans-activating (Tat) cold-inducible RNA-binding protein-derived peptide, functions as an inhibitor of myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2). It has demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects against ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in mouse models [1].

TAT-NEP1-40 TFA, a blood-brain barrier-permeable peptide, safeguards PC12 cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and fosters neurite outgrowth. Additionally, it enhances neurological outcomes post-ischemia by curtailing apoptosis in ischemic cerebral tissues. This compound has utility in investigating central nervous system (CNS) injuries, encompassing axonal regeneration and functional recuperation following a stroke [1].

TAT-M2NX (tatM2NX) is a selective TRPM2 inhibitor exhibiting neuroprotective effects in male mice, utilized in research to investigate ischemic neuronal injury [1].

PKCd (8-17) is a bioactive peptide originating from the V1 domain of protein kinase C (PKC)d. It impedes phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated PKCd translocation and activation, which mitigates ischemic injury in cardiac and cerebral cells, promotes fibroblast proliferation, and suppresses graft coronary artery disease in [mouse models].

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, a truncated form of MOG located on the extracellular myelin sheath surface, interacts with antigen serotype HLA-DR2 to mitigate effects of ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. In female mice, it notably reduces cortical and striatal infarct volumes, lessens sensorimotor deficits as observed in tube- and corner turn tests, enhances engagement with novel odors, and prolongs the duration of cage mate-directed vocalizations, without exhibiting similar outcomes in male mice.

Nitric Oxide Synthase (599-613) Blocking Peptide, Bovine Endothelial Cell (Ac-Pro-Tyr-Asn-Ser-Ser-Pro-Arg-Pro-Glu-Gln-His-Lys-Ser-Tyr-Lys-Cys) is a peptide that inhibits the function of NOSs as a result it blocks the production of NO. Because of the invol

Tat-ASIC1a (1-20) (mouse, rat) is a competitive ASIC1a transmembrane peptide with significant neuroprotective effects. It alleviates acidotoxic neuronal damage by targeting the ASIC1a-RIPK1 pathway and an auto-inhibition mechanism. This compound effectively safeguards the brain in ischemic stroke mouse models against damage from ischemia and is applicable in research on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease and Parkinson’s disease.

Thrombin-cleavable peptide is a peptide specifically recognized and cleaved by thrombin. Upon cleavage, it releases a thrombolytic peptide to initiate thrombolysis. This peptide can be utilized in research related to diseases such as ischemic stroke.

TAT-EE3 is a neuroprotective peptide that dissociates the interaction between TRPM2 and NMDARs. It inhibits the TRPM2-induced enhancement of NMDAR surface expression and current amplitude. TAT-EE3 protects neurons from ischemic damage both in vitro and in vivo, and is utilized for research on ischemic stroke.

Stroke-homing peptide is a homing peptide that targets ischemic stroke brain tissue and identifies apoptotic neuronal cells. It is applicable in molecular imaging and studies focused on the selective delivery of drugs to stroke-affected tissue.