inflammasome activation

hydrocotarnine is an inhibitor of Cbl.

Nigericin sodium salt is an antibiotic, an NLRP3 activator, and a cationic ion carrier. Nigericin sodium triggers the activation of the NALP3 inflammasome, which inhibits Golgi function and suppresses the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Colchicine is an orally active natural alkaloid that acts by inhibiting microtubule polymerization (IC50 = 3 nM) and as a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptor. It possesses broad anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and antifibrotic activities, can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation to prevent NSAID-induced small intestine injury, holds potential for gouty arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis research, and is commonly used to establish Alzheimer’s disease models.

Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a lipoxygenase-derived arachidonate-like mediator with anti-inflammatory properties.Lipoxin A4 attenuates MSU crystal-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation through inhibition of Nrf2, and regulates M1/M2 macrophage polarization through the FPR2-IRF pathway.Lipoxin inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation.

4'-Methoxyresveratrol (4'-O-Methylresveratrol) is a natural product from the roots of *Rheum palmatum* L., with significant hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. 4'-Methoxyresveratrol alleviates AGE-induced inflammation by suppressing RAGE-mediated MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Procyanidin B2 (Proanthocyanidin B2) has vascular protective, anti-diabetic nephropathy, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Procyanidin B2 inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation via suppression of AP-1 pathway.

Isoandrographolide, a compound known for its cell differentiation-inducing and hepatoprotective effects, also inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigates silicosis in mice.

Cucurbitacin D, a triterpenoid isolated from Ecballium elaterium (L.), exhibits anticancer and antitumor activity, inhibits glucose uptake and lactate production in metastatic PrC, and induces inflammasome activation independent of ERK1/2 activation. Cucurbitacin D, a novel inflammasome activator in macrophages, inhibits HepG2 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by modulating the JAK/STAT3, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways, and can be used in the study of cervical cancer, leukemia, and prostate cancer.