grains

Betaine chloride (Betaine hydrochloride) is an acidic form of betaine, a vitamin-like substance observed in grains and other foods; gains the amplification of DNA by decreasing the formation of secondary structure in GC-rich regions.

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase with an IC50 of 6 mM and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects.

D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (D-Raffinose pentahydrate) is a naturally occurring trisaccharide composed of fructose, galactose, and glucose, found in various vegetables and grains. It functions as a functional oligosaccharide.

Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) is an isoprenoid found in fruits, vegetables, and grains, including rice. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of various tumor cells. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) protects monocytes against statin-induced cytotoxicity and suppresses the growth of Mycobacterium.

T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) is a fungal secondary metabolite produced by various Fusarium species in feed and grains, which is highly toxic to reproduction and induces a variety of cardiovascular toxicities.T-2 Toxin is an inhibitor of peptidyl transferase (60s ribosomal subunit) binding and protein synthesis. T-2 Toxin is an inhibitor of peptidyl transferase (60s ribosomal subunit) binding and protein synthesis, induces TM4 cell dysfunction via ROS-induced apoptosis, inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, and increases hepatic lipid peroxidation levels.

Zearalenone is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that colonizes various grains.

Fumonisin B2 is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme in various grains. It also is a potent inhibitor of sphingosine N-acyltransferase (ceramide synthase). Which disrupts de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis.

Z-Pro-Ala, an acid carboxypeptidase, can be isolated from the grains and leaves of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) [1].

D-ALPHA-TOCOTRIENOL, an isoform of vitamin E, is found in vegetables, fruits, seeds, grains, oils and nuts.