deficits

SB 202190 (FHPI) is a p38 MAPK inhibitor that inhibits p38α and p38β2 (IC50=50 100 nM) selectively and cell-permeably. SB 202190 has antitumor activity and also induces the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes.

Perospirone (Lullan) is an antagonist of serotonin 5HT2A receptors and dopamine D2 receptors. It also displays affinity towards 5HT1A receptors as a partial agonist.

SAK3 is a novel modulator of nAChR activity that enhances T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (T-VGCC) activity, and has potentiating effects on both Cav3.1 and Cav3.3 T-type Ca2+ channel currents.SAK3 is neuroprotective against scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.SAK3 is used for the study of memory deficits and Alzheimer's disease. SAK3 can be used to study memory deficits and Alzheimer's disease.

PQCA is a muscarinic M1 receptor-positive allosteric regulator, which is highly selective and effective. PQCA exhibited EC50 values of 49 nM in rhesus monkey and 135 nM in human M1 receptors, but showed no activity against other muscarinic receptors. PQCA is a potential compound for reducing cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease.

GSK-1034702 is an M1 mAChR agonist that improves cognitive deficits and may be useful in the study of neurologic disorders.

MPT0G211 is a highly selective and orally active HDAC6 inhibitor (IC50=0.291 nM) that has neuroprotective effects and has shown anti-metastatic activity in human breast cancer cells. MPT0G211 has 1,000 times more affinity for HDAC6 than other HDAC subtypes. MPT0G211 can cross the blood-brain barrier and could be used to improve tau phosphorylation and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease models.

PHA 543613 is a specific agonist of α7 nAChR (Ki = 8.8 nM) and can be used in studies about the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.

T-448 is a specific, orally active, and irreversible inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, an H3K4 demethylase) with an IC50 of 22 nM.

Itasetron (U 98079A) is a 5-hydroxytryptamine 3-receptor antagonist used to prevent age-related memory deficits in rats.Itasetron's antiemetic activity in animal models of cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be useful in the study of amnesia.

Brexpiprazole (OPC-34712) is a partial agonist of human 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 5-HT1A and dopamine D2 receptors.

Brexpiprazole HCl (OPC 34712 dihydrochloride) is a new antipsychotic drug.

Flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) antagonizes the benzodiazepine binding site of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) benzodiazepine receptor complex in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby preventing the chloride channel opening events and inhibiting neuronal hyperpolarization. As a result, flumazenil reverses benzodiazepine-induced effects including sedation, psychomotor deficits, amnesia, and hypoventilation in a dose-dependent manner. Flumazenil is an imidazobenzodiazepine derivative, effective in reversing benzodiazepine-induced activities.

GSK-872 (GSK2399872A) is an effective and specific RIP3 kinase inhibitor. It binds RIP3 kinase domain with high affinity (IC50: 1.8 nM) and inhibits kinase activity (IC50: 1.3 nM).

1. Orientin (Luteolin-8-glucoside) may be regarded as a candidate therapeutic agent for treatment of vascular inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway. 2. Orientin protects vascular barrier integrity by inhibiting hyperpermeability, expression of CAMs, and adhesion and migration of leukocytes, thereby endorsing its usefulness as a therapy for vascular inflammatory diseases. 3. Orientin has neuroprotection effect by the intracellular mediation of caspase activity; may alleviate cognitive deficits and oxidative stress in AD mice; can exert antidepressant-like effects on CUMS mice, specifically by improving central oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity.

Y13g dihydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (both targets of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression are related). Y13g dihydrochloride reverses STZ-induced memory deficits and exhibits histopathology similar to normal animals.

Aftin-4, an amyloid forty-two inducer, activates γ-secretase, promoting the generation of amyloid-β-1-42 (Aβ1-42) from amyloid-β protein precursor. Aftin-4(Aftin4) increased Aβ-1-42, but not Aβ-1-40 in mouse hipppocampus, accompanied by learning deficits and mitochondrial ultrastructural changes similar to those found in the brains of patients with AD. Aftin-4(Aftin4) can thus be used to induce a rapid, acute Alzheimer's disease-like toxicity in the rodent brain.

(-)-GSK598809 hydrochloride is the isomer of GSK598809. GSK598809 is a selective antagonist of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3), which is a neural response that selectively enhances reward anticipation in drug and alcohol dependence during monetary policy and may repair reward deficits in substance dependence.

Unifiram is a nootropic agent.1It increases acetylcholine (ACh) release in the rat cerebral cortexin vivoand induces a long-lasting increase in the amplitude of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in the rat hippocampal CA1 region (EC50= 27 nM). It does not bind to serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, muscarinic, nicotinic, adrenergic, glutamate, histamine, opioid, or GABA receptors at 1 μM. Unifiram (0.1 mg kg) improves memory in non-memory-impaired rats in a social learning test.2It also prevents memory deficits induced by the anticholinergic agent scopolamine, nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, GABABreceptor agonist baclofen, or α2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine in the passive avoidance test in mice when administered at a dose of 0.01 mg kg and prevents memory deficits induced by the AMPA kainate glutamate receptor antagonist NBQX at 0.1 mg kg.1 1.Romanelli, M.N., Galeotti, N., Ghelardini, C., et al.Pharmacological characterization of DM232 (unifiram) and DM235 (sunifiram), new potent cognition enhancersCNS Drug Rev.12(1)39-52(2006) 2.Ghelardini, C., Galeotti, N., Gualtieri, F., et al.The novel nootropic compound DM232 (unifiram) ameliorates memory impairment in mice and ratsDrug Develop. Res.56(1)23-32(2002)

Apicidin (OSI 2040) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with antiparasitic and antiproliferative activity. It attenuates memory deficits, inhibits cell growth and proliferation, and induces apoptosis and autophagy by decreasing Abeta load in APP PS1 mice, making it a valuable tool for leukemia research.

Compound 17d (hMAO-B-IN-6) is an effective and selective hMAO-B inhibitor, demonstrating an IC 50 of 67.02 nM. It significantly ameliorates cognitive deficits induced by Scopolamine in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice [1].

ASP-5854 is an adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist with the potential to improve motor deficits in Parkinson's disease.

3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine is a form of sulfatide that is lacking the fatty acyl group. It decreases migration and adhesion of B35 neuroblastoma cells and increases cell rounding when used at a concentration of 20 μM. It also inhibits PKC and cytochrome c oxidase activity when used at concentrations of 150 and 50-100 μM, respectively. 3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine accumulates in patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A (ASA) deficiency leading to progressive demyelination and neuromotor deficits. In mice lacking ASA, levels of 3'-sulfo galactosylsphingosine increase after one month of age followed by demyelination and neuromotor deficits. 3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine has been used as a standard for the quantification of 3'-sulfo galactosylsphingosine by LC-MS.

Xestospongin C ((-)-Xestospongin C) is a selective inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor and also inhibits sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). It has neuroprotective effects in APP PS1 AD mice, improving cognitive and pathological deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Cu(II)GTSM is a cell permeable copper complex that significantly inhibits GSK3β activity and suppresses levels of neurotoxic amyloid β-trimers and phosphorylated tau, and is able to reverse cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease mice.