chitosan oligosaccharide

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine that activates AMPK while inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-κB and MAPK.

Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride, a chitosan oligosaccharide, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and cardioprotective properties. Additionally, it effectively promotes the growth and photosynthesis parameters of wheat seedlings[1][2].

Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide compound with anti-inflammatory properties, achieved by binding to the active sites of TLR4 and thereby inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation, as supported by references [1] and [2].

Chitobiose dihydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide consisting of β-1,4-linked glucosamine units.

Chitopentaose pentahydrochloride is an anti-inflammatory chitosan oligosaccharide that functions as a substrate for the gene encoding chitinase B (FjchiB).

Chitobiose, a dimer of β-1,4-linked glucosamine units and a chitosan oligosaccharide, exhibits oral activity and possesses significant antioxidant properties [1][2].

Chitotriose, a low molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharide, is extractable from crab shell chitosan. It exhibits antibacterial properties against salmonella.

Lipopolysaccharides, from Proteus vulgaris, are endotoxins sourced from the bacterium Proteus vulgaris, functioning as TLR-4 activators and representing S-type LPS. They play a role in activating pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and stimulate cells to secrete migration-inducing agents. This lipopolysaccharide displays a characteristic three-part structure: O antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Furthermore, it has a unique molecular configuration and a chitosan affinity (Kb=2.72 μM), which is superior to that of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Kb=6.06 μM) and Escherichia coli (Kb=79.50 μM).