anti-biofilm

Tridecanoic acid (Tridecylic Acid) is a 13-carbon saturated fatty acid found in dairy products and also as a product of anaerobic biodegradation of n-hexadecane. It has been identified as a substrate of phospholipase A2.

Alexidine dihydrochloride has antifungal and antibiofilm activity against a diverse range of fungal pathogens. Alexidine dihydrochloride is an anticancer agent that targets a mitochondrial tyrosine phosphatase, PTPMT1, in mammalian cells and causes mitochondrial apoptosis. Thus, Alexidine dihydrochloride has the potential to be developed as a pan-antifungal, antibiofilm drug.

Antibiofilm agent prodrug 1 (Compound 5c) demonstrates antibacterial properties by inhibiting biofilm formation and iron uptake. It effectively suppresses Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.07 μM. In addition, Antibiofilm agent prodrug 1 exhibits anti-infective activity in Caenorhabditis elegans, enhancing the survival rate of the nematodes.

Antibiofilm agent-12 (Compound C13), an antifungal belonging to the carbamate derivatives, exhibits significant antifungal activity against Candida auris, with an MIC90 of 237.9 μM. It inhibits the drug efflux pump activity of Candida auris and promotes ergosterol depletion, thereby hindering the formation of Candida auris biofilms and reducing its metabolic flexibility. Additionally, Antibiofilm agent-12 demonstrates antifungal efficacy in a C. elegans model following Candida auris infection.

Antibiofilm agent-14 (compound 11) functions as an antibiofilm agent. It exhibits antifungal activity against C.albicans SC5314, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 μM.

Antibiofilm agent-15 (Compound 17) is an antimicrobial agent that inhibits biofilm formation of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Antibiofilm agent-3 (compound 3b) is a tetraformamide antibacterial compound that effectively inhibits the plant bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 500 μg/mL. It also suppresses biofilm formation of Xcc, with an IC50 of 15.37 μg/mL.

Antibiofilm agent-4 is a LasR inhibitor, demonstrating optimal antibiofilm and anti-QS (quorum sensing) properties.

Antibiofilm agent-5 (compound 6c) is a multitarget antibacterial agent with potent antibiofilm activity. It induces metabolic dysfunction by inactivating lactate dehydrogenase, promoting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which subsequently reduces reduced glutathione and leads to bacterial oxidative damage. Antibiofilm agent-5 is applicable for studying recalcitrant biofilm-enhanced bacterial infections.

Antibiofilm agent-6 (Compound 26c) is a quorum sensing inhibitor with antibiofilm properties, effectively reducing the fluorescence intensity of PAO1-lasB-gfp and PAO1-pqsA-gfp in a concentration-dependent manner. It suppresses the production of pyocyanin and rhamnolipids and enhances the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in eradicating viable bacteria in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa PAO1) infected mouse model.

Antibiofilm agent-7 (Compound 9) demonstrates significant antibiofilm activity with IC50 values of 60 µg/mL, 133.32 µg/mL, and 19.67 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), respectively. It also exhibits antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 4.88 µg/mL, 78.13 µg/mL, 9.77 µg/mL, and 39.06 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and MRSA, respectively.

Antibiofilm agent-8 (compound Ru2) boosts antibacterial activity under visible light (400-700 nm, 10 J cm-2). It induces oxidative stress by promoting NADH oxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which disrupts the bacterial cell wall.

Antibiofilm agent-17 is a dual-action biofilm inhibitor (IC50 = 0.33 μM) targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits biofilm growth by reducing virulence production regulated by the quorum sensing system and decreasing iron acquisition capability. In a mouse wound infection model, Antibiofilm agent-17 shows synergistic antibacterial activity. This compound is useful for research on combating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

Antibiofilm Agent-2 (Compound 4T) serves as a potent biofilm inhibitor, exhibiting an IC50 of 3.6 μM, and impairs the quorum sensing system along with iron homeostasis, acting as antibacterial synergists against Pseudomonas aeruginosa [1].

Antibiofilm agent-9 (Compound 4), a derivative of pyrrolnitrin, exhibits antimicrobial activity. It inhibits Bacillus anthracis with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 0.031 μg/mL. The compound demonstrates significant antibiofilm activity, achieving an inhibition rate of 84% after 24 hours at a concentration of 8.0 μg/mL. Additionally, Antibiofilm agent-9 shows favorable pharmacokinetic properties in mouse models.

3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol induces accumulation of reactive oxygen species. 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol exhibits anti-biofilm and antifungal activities.

Antibiofilm agent-11 (compound C12) is a flavonoid derivative with antibiofilm activity.

Antibiofilm agent-13 (compound 14b) is an effective broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that functions by disrupting the integrity of bacterial cell membranes. It achieves this through the degradation of transmembrane potential and increased membrane permeability, which leads to the production of intracellular ROS and the leakage of DNA and proteins, ultimately resulting in bacterial death. Antibiofilm agent-13 effectively inhibits both Gram-positive bacteria (MIC ranging from 0.5-1 μg/mL) and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC ranging from 1-32 μg/mL).

Antibiofilm Agent-1, as detailed in WO2017011725A1 (compound 17) [1], serves as an antibacterial agent effective against Gram-positive pathogens.

Antimicrobial agent-22 (THI 6c) is a broad-spectrum, multi-target antibacterial with rapid bactericidal efficacy, effective anti-biofilm activity, and low cytotoxicity and hemolytic properties [1].

D-Tagatose (D-(-)-Tagatose), a rare natural hexoketose and isomer of D-galactose, occurs naturally in Sterculia setigera gum and is found in small quantities in various foods such as sterilized and powdered cow's milk, hot cocoa, and various cheeses, yogurts, and other dairy products. It can be synthesized from D-galactose by isomerization under alkaline conditions in the presence of calcium. D-Tagatose has numerous health benefits, including promotion of weight loss, no glycemic effect, anti-plaque, non-cariogenic, anti-halitosis, prebiotic, and anti-biofilm properties; it is beneficial for organ transplants, enhancement of flavor, improvement of pregnancy and fetal development, treatment of obesity, and reduction in symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, anemia, and hemophilia. (PMID: 17492284).

Methyl anthranilate is a natural product. Methyl anthranilate is a novel quorum sensing inhibitor and anti-biofilm agent against Aeromonas sobria

Fenoprofen (LILLY-5385) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound and a modifier enhancer of the melanocortin receptor, which increases ERK1/2 activation, inhibits biofilm formation, and alters biofilm structure, and is used in the treatment of acute pain and chronic arthritis.

Gramicidin S 2HCl, is an antibiotic. At concentrations of 40-80 μg/mL, GS can reduce planktonic cell numbers within 20-40 minutes. For established biofilms, it effectively kills cells at concentrations of 100-200 μg/mL without regrowth. This anti-biofilm effect results from peptide transmembrane transport and complexation with intracellular nucleotides (including the alarmone ppGpp). GS demonstrates wide-ranging activity against biofilm-forming, drug-resistant infections caused by E. faecalis, proving its efficacy in endodontic treatment. The successful treatment of persistent infections in two volunteer cases further confirms GS's potent therapeutic performance. These studies indicate that GS can be applied in certifying compounds used in endodontics.