Nuezhenidic acid is a natural product, posseses inhibitory activities against influenza A virus.

3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid (Isoursodeoxycholic acid) is a bile acid. 3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid (administered orally has shown good tolerability and good intestinal absorption. 3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid can undergo enzymatic isomerization in the intestine and liver and produce UDCA.

Polygalacic acid (Virgaureagenin G)(PA) significantly improves cholinergic system reactivity, as indicated by decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, increases choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and elevates levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, PA also significantly ameliorates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in mice; suggest that PA might exert a significant neuroprotective effect on cognitive impairment, driven in part by the modulation of cholinergic activity and neuroinflammation. Polygalacic acid shows significant postingestive effects on Spodoptera littoralis larvae.

Aristolochic acid B (Aristolochic Acid II) is one of the major components of the carcinogenic plant extract aristolochic acid, is known to be mutagenic and to form DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo, Aristolochic acid B shows more carcinogenic risk than aristolochic acid I, and this may be, at least partly, the result of its increased levels in kidney and plasma.

Abietic Acid (Sylvic acid) is the primary component of resin acid isolated from rosin.

Salvianolic acid E is a water-soluble constituent isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Salvianolic Acid C is extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial plant in the genus Salvia.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetic acid, a plasma metabolite, is highly sensitive and specific and can be used as a bioindicator to differentiate non-small cell carcinoma patients from healthy controls.

Levulinic acid (4-Oxovaleric acid), derived from the degradation of cellulose, is a precursor for the synthesis of biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate.

Cinnamic acid (β-Phenylacrylic acid) has potential use in cancer intervention,The concentration causing a 50% reduction of cell proliferation (IC50) ranged from 1 to 4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells.

Lauric Acid (Dodecylic acid),which is found naturally in various plant and animal fats and oils, is a saturated medium-chain fatty acid with a 12-carbon backbone. It is a major component of coconut oil and palm kernel oil.

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholylglycine) is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct, therefore, exist in a glycine conjugated form. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals.

Azelaic acid (Anchoic acid) is a component of hair and skin conditioners and is produced by the ozonolysis of oleic acid. Azelaic acid has bacteriostatic activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis by inhibiting protoprotein synthesis in microbial cells. Azelaic acid also has the ability to inhibit pigmentation due to its free radical scavenging action.

L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt (MSG) (Monosodium glutamate) is an activator of mGlu1 receptor.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

Octacosanoic acid has antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects.

Decanedioic acid (Sebacinsaure) is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid.

D-(-)-Tartaric acid (D-Tartaric acid; (S, S)-tartarate; D-threaric acid) is mainly located in the cytoplasm. D-(-)-Tartaric acid can be converted into (2S,3S)-cis-fertaric acid and (2S,3S)-trans-fertaric acid. Outside the human body, it can be found in vinegar. This makes it a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food.

Glycocyamine (2-Guanidinoacetic acid), a precursor of creatine, is a replacement of dietary arginine and could support overall energy homeostasis of the bird. Glycocyamine is an important marker for renal failure, kidney transplantation, and the renal metabolic activity. The compound is a metabolite of guanidine.

1. Octyl Gallate is an antioxidant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive. 2. Octyl Gallate has antimetastatic activity. 3. Octyl Gallate shows antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 125 ug/mL. 4. Combination therapy with octyl gallate and ferulic acid improves cognition and neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.5. Octyl Gallate is a potential anticancer agent, it exhibited decreased MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231 survival and induced apoptosis, with IC50 value of 40 uM. 6. Octyl gallate (Octyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) has antiviral activity, it shows an inhibitory effect on the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in HEp-2 or Vero cells. 7. Octyl gallate shows antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC7754 and Zygosaccharomyces bailii ATCC 60483.

Gallic acid (Benzoic acid) is found in almost all plants. Plants known for their high gallic acid content include gallnuts,grapes,tea,hops and oak bark.

Dodecanedioic acid diammonium salt (1,10-Decanedicarboxylic acid diammonium salt) is a dicarboxylic acid which is water-soluble and involves in a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and carbohydrates.

Methyl stearate (Methyl Octadecanoate) is found in cloves. Antifoaming agent and fermentation nutrient.

L-Phenylalanine (3-Phenyl-L-alanine) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine, acts as an antagonist at α2δ calcium channels.

2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid is an o-methoxybenzoic acid and its derivatives that inhibit fungi and bacteria.

Dodecanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid used in the synthesis of the engineering plastic nylon 612.Dodecanedioic acid is used as a base oil in industrial production.

D-Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a water-soluble vitamin ubiquitously found in plants and animal tissues with an antioxidant property. D-Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A (CoA) and a part of the vitamin B2 complex. D-Pantothenic acid is a growth factor and is essential for various metabolic functions, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids. This vitamin is also involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin.

Hederagenin (Hederagenol) is a triterpenoid saponin inhibiting LPS-stimulated expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB.

DL-Malic acid (Hydroxybutanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid found in fruits such as apples and pears. It plays a role in many sour or acidic foods.

Lipoic acid (R-(+)-Thioctic acid) is an organosulfur compound derived from octanoic acid. It is made in animals normally, and is essential for aerobic metabolism.

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase with an IC50 of 6 mM and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Kynurenic acid (Quinurenic acid) is an endogenous tryptophan active metabolite, a triple antagonist of NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8 with neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties. It has neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties and can be used to study neurodegeneration and metabolism-related diseases.

5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA) is an anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE.

Ammonium formate (Formic acid ammonium salt) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.

2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) 2-Furoic acid can reduce serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and has anti-lipidemic effects.

Lithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid) is a bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.

Phytic acid dipotassium salt is an endogenous metabolite that inhibits β-secretase 1 (BACE1).

Oleamide (Oleic acid amide) is an endogenous fatty acid amide and can be used in the synthesis of de novo in the mammalian nervous system.

(S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (L-(+)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a normal human metabolite that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA in humans, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.

3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid (O-Methylsinapic acid) (TMCA) is one of the constituents of Polygalae Radix and may exert anti-seizure activity by acting at the GABAA/BZ receptor complex.

Pseudolaric acid A-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Pseudolaric acid A-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside) is a natural product with antibacterial, anticancer

Isovaleric acid (Delphinic acid) is a naturally occurring aroma compound found in Bartlett pear brandies, vanilla beans, rape-honey, and banana.

Undecanedioic acid has been found in parts of human aortas with advanced atherosclerotic lesions associated with intercellular matrix macromolecules and specifically with elastin.

2-Hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid is an unusual metabolite found in the urine of patients with 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and maple syrup urine disease.

Itaconic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of polymers, chemicals, and fuels, and has anti-inflammatory activity.Itaconic acid can be synthesized by fungi. It is also a macrophage-specific metabolite. It mediates crosstalk between macrophage metabolism and peritoneal tumors.

6-Aminocaproic acid (EACA) is an antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.

Fusidic acid (Fusidine) is an antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.

Rhein (NSC 38629) is an anthraquinone compound extracted from Polygonaceae Rheum Officinale with anti-inflammation and antitumor activities.

Ginkgolic Acid (Romanicardic acid) C15:1 represses curli genes and prophage genes in EHEC.