52-67-5

Penicillamine (Artamine), possessing antineoplastic properties, induces apoptosis by a p53-mediated mechanism and inhibits angiogenesis by chelating with copper, a cofactor for angiogenesis. Artamine is a beta dimethyl analog of the amino acid cysteine. As a degradation product of penicillin antibiotics, Artamine chelates with heavy metals and increases their urinary excretion.

DL-Penicillamine (3-Sulfanylvaline) is a chelating agent recommended for the removal of excess copper in patients with Wilson's disease. DL-Penicillamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. From in vitro studies which indicate that one atom of copper combines with two molecules of DL-penicillamine. DL-Penicillamine also reduces excess cystine excretion in cystinuria. This is done, at least in part, by disulfide interchange between DL-penicillamine and cystine, resulting in the formation of penicillamine-cysteine disulfide, a substance that is much more soluble than cysteine and is excreted readily. DL-Penicillamine interferes with the formation of cross-links between tropocollagen molecules and cleaves them when newly formed. The mechanism of action of DL-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis is unknown although it appears to suppress disease activity. Unlike cytotoxic immunosuppressants, DL-penicillamine markedly lowers IgM rheumatoid factor but produces no significant depression in absolute levels of serum immunoglobulins. Also unlike cytotoxic immunosuppressants which act on both, DL-penicillamine in vitro depresses T-cell activity but not B-cell activity.

L-Penicillamine is a medication primarily. It is used for the treatment of Wilson's disease. It is also used for people with kidney stones who have high urine cystine levels, rheumatoid arthritis, copper poisoning, and lead poisoning.