3'​o​acetylhamaudol

Cyclosporin A is a natural product and an active fungal metabolite, classified as a cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant. It binds to cyclophilin and inhibits the activity of calcineurin (IC₅₀ = 7 nM) as well as CD11a CD18 adhesion molecules. It is commonly used to induce uremia models.

Capsaicin is an active natural component found in chili peppers and acts as a TRPV1 agonist (EC50 = 0.29 μM). It possesses multiple activities, including pain relief, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, as well as some neurotoxicity. Capsaicin can be used to establish itch models.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a natural hormone-like substance involved in various physiological functions, including the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, regulation of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation. It can be used to induce neuropathic pain models.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a natural phorbol ester that acts as an activator of PKC, SphK, and NF-κB, and is commonly used to induce differentiation of THP-1 cells and establish dermatitis models.

Adenine is a purine-derived nucleobase and one of the four bases of DNA. It is an important chemical component of both DNA and RNA, involved in cellular respiration, the formation of ATP and coenzymes NAD and FAD, as well as protein synthesis. Adenine is commonly used to induce chronic kidney injury models.

D-Galactose is a naturally occurring hexose and a C-4 epimer of glucose. It can combine with glucose to form lactose and is commonly used to establish animal models of aging.

Cholesterol is the primary sterol in mammals, accounting for approximately 20–25% of the plasma membrane structure. It plays a key role in regulating membrane fluidity, permeability, and protein function. As an endogenous agonist of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), cholesterol is widely involved in metabolic regulation and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of hormones and bile acids. It is commonly used in experimental models of hyperlipidemia.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an orally active metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It can cross the blood-brain barrier and be converted into dopamine in the brain. L-DOPA exhibits anti-hyperalgesic effects and holds potential in Parkinson’s disease research, and it can also be used to induce Parkinson’s disease models.

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) is a naturally occurring form of vitamin D that, after metabolic activation, can induce cell differentiation and cancer cell proliferation. It can also be used to establish kidney stone models.

Liothyronine (Tresitope) is a synthetic and highly active thyroid hormone that acts as an effective agonist of TRα and TRβ (Ki = 2.33 nM for both hTRα and hTRβ). It activates the TRβ1 receptor, promotes the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, accelerates the oxidative processes in tissue cells, maintains basal metabolic rate, and supports normal growth and development. Liothyronine can be used to induce hyperthyroidism models.

Lithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid) is a toxic secondary bile acid produced from chenodeoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine and used as a choleretic agent to dissolve fats and promote absorption. It can be reabsorbed and exhibits FXR antagonist and PXR SXR agonist activities. Lithocholic acid is commonly used to induce cholestasis models.

Fructose is a simple ketose monosaccharide widely found in many plants and commonly combines with glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. It can be used to induce hyperuricemia and diabetes models.

5-Hydroxytryptophan (NSC-92523) is a metabolite of tryptophan and a direct precursor of serotonin. It is a substrate of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and can be used to induce depression models.

L-Arginine (L-Arg) is a substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). It is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells via the cationic amino acid transporter family, where it is metabolized into nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline. L-Arginine is an effective vasodilator and is commonly used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis.

Norepinephrine is an alkaloid neurotransmitter and an effective adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist that activates α1, α2, and β1 receptors. It is commonly used as a vasoactive agent for the treatment of shock and can also be used to induce cardiomyopathy models.

Sodium taurocholate is a biologically active compound that can inhibit bile duct injury induced by hepatic artery ligation by upregulating VEGF-A expression. It also exhibits immunomodulatory effects and can be used to induce pancreatitis models.

Bicuculline is an alkaloid extracted from Corydalis decumbens, acting as a competitive antagonist of the neurotransmitter GABAA receptor (IC50 = 2 μM). It also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and inhibits slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant effects and is commonly used to establish mouse seizure models.

Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O111:B4 are key components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. As a smooth-type LPS, they consist of lipid A, an R3-type core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide. These LPS molecules exhibit high immunogenicity, can trigger strong immune responses and gastric disorders by activating the TLR-4 receptor on immune cells, and help maintain the structural integrity of the bacterial outer membrane while protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. They are widely used to establish inflammation-related disease models, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Colchicine is an orally active natural alkaloid that acts by inhibiting microtubule polymerization (IC50 = 3 nM) and as a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptor. It possesses broad anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and antifibrotic activities, can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation to prevent NSAID-induced small intestine injury, holds potential for gouty arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis research, and is commonly used to establish Alzheimer’s disease models.

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic compound that inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channels (IC₅₀ = 19.1 μM) and can induce pulmonary toxicity. It has shown some antiviral activity in diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is commonly used to establish animal models of pulmonary fibrosis.

Aristolochic acid A is the main component of the plant extract aristolochic acids, primarily found in the herbaceous plants Aristolochia and Asarum. It significantly inhibits the activity of activator protein 1 (AP-1) and NF-κB, and downregulates the expression of the bladder cancer-associated BLCAP gene in human cells. It is commonly used to induce nephrotoxicity models.

Scopolamine is a high-affinity (nanomolar level) muscarinic receptor antagonist that can reversibly inhibit 5-HT₃ receptor responses (IC₅₀ = 2.09 μM). It is commonly used to induce animal models of Alzheimer's disease or memory impairment.