2,3-oxidosqualene

Cyclosporin A is a naturally occurring cyclic polypeptide that is the active metabolite of a fungus. Cyclosporin A is an immunosuppressant that binds to procyclins and inhibits calcineurin (IC50=7 nM).

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a naturally occurring hormone involved in various physiological processes, such as smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, vasodilation and constriction, blood pressure regulation, and inflammatory regulation.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a colorless amine oxide produced from choline, betaine, and carnitine via intestinal microbial metabolism that accumulates in tissues of marine animals and prevents the protein-damaging effects of urea.Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation through activation of ROS NLRP3 inflammasomes, which can induce fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis.

Capsaicin ((E)-Capsaicin) is a natural product extracted from Capsicum annuum, and is a TRPV1 agonist (EC50=0.29 μM). Capsaicin has antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a member of the phorbol ester group of natural products, activates PKC, SphK, and NF-κB, and induces THP1 cell differentiation.

Cholesterol (cholesteryl alcohol) is a natural product that is the major sterol in mammals and an agonist of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα). Cholesterol is widely found in the cell membranes of animals and is also used in the synthesis of several important hormones and bile acids.

D-Galactose (Alpha-D-galactose) is an aldohexose that exists naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins and is converted enzymatically into D-glucose for metabolism or polysaccharides for storage. It accelerates senescence in invertebrates and mammals and has been used as a model for aging.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an amino acid precursor of dopamine with antiparkinsonian properties. It is a prodrug converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase and can cross the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine, stimulating dopaminergic receptors and compensating for depleted endogenous dopamine in Parkinson's disease. To ensure adequate concentrations reach the central nervous system, levodopa is administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, reducing peripheral decarboxylation and increasing CNS dopamine delivery.

Fructose (Fructopyranose) is a simple ketonic monosaccharide extracted from Honey,fruits,berries,melon.

Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine derivative, is a nucleobase essential in biochemistry, participating in cellular respiration through ATP, NAD, and FAD, and in protein synthesis as a component of DNA and RNA.

Norepinephrine (Levophed) can stimulate apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes by activation of the β-adrenergic pathway. It can up-regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumour cells.

5-hydroxytryptophan (NSC-92523) is the immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.

Colchicine (Colcin) is a natural product that is an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization (IC50=3 nM) and blocks microtubule polymerization by binding to microtubule proteins. Colchicine can be used in the treatment of ventilation and rheumatic diseases.

1. L-Arginine (L-Arg) exhibits anti-atherosclerotic effect. 2. L-Arginine and soy enriched diet are effective in prevention of osteoporosis associated with diabetes mellitus. 3. Exogenous L-Arginine could enhance neonate lymphocyte proliferation through an interleukin-2-independent pathway. 4. A combination of oral L-citrulline and L-Arginine effectively and rapidly augments NO-dependent responses at the acute stage.

Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors, originally identified in 1932 from plant alkaloid extracts, and isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and various Corydalis species.

Angiotensin II human TFA, a potent vasoconstrictor within the renin angiotensin system, plays a pivotal role in human blood pressure regulation primarily through interactions with the G-protein-coupled receptors Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). It not only prompts sympathetic nervous stimulation, aldosterone biosynthesis, and renal effects but also fosters growth in vascular smooth muscle cells and boosts collagen type I and III synthesis in fibroblasts. This action results in the thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, alongside fibrosis. Additionally, Angiotensin II human TFA triggers apoptosis and encourages capillary formation from endothelial cells through the LOX-1 dependent redox-sensitive pathway [1] [2] [3] [4].

Indomethacin sodium, a powerful and orally active inhibitor of COX1 2, exhibits IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Apart from its potent anti-inflammatory effects, this compound possesses notable anticancer and anti-infective activities. Since it has such versatile attributes, it finds useful applicability in cancer, inflammation, and viral infection research [1] [2] [3].

Glycerol or glycerin is a colourless, odourless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and mostly non-toxic. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener and humectant and in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol is an important component of trigl

Bicuculline methochloride ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), a selective GABAA receptor antagonist, exhibits an IC50 of 3 μM. It induces tonic-clonic convulsions in mammals and blocks Ca2+ activated potassium channels, making it useful for studying epilepsy and related psychiatric disorders [1] [2].

Doxycycline calcium, a broad-spectrum antibiotic and metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, demonstrates efficacy in inhibiting bacterial growth and cancer cell proliferation, as evidenced by multiple studies [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. This compound is active when administered orally.

Amiodarone (Cordarone) is an antiarrhythmic compound that induces pulmonary toxicity and inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channels.Amiodarone has shown some antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2-induced disease.