βpinene

(-)-β-pinene (Nopinene) is inhibit infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with an IC50 of 1.32 mM,with antimicrobial activity

(+)-β-Pinene is the enantiomer of (-)-β-pinene. It exhibits antifungal activity, likely by disrupting the cell wall.

ALPHA-PINENE ((-)-Alpha-Pinene) is a bicyclic monoterpene found in pine trees and other plants, including Cannabis with diverse biological activities [1]. It reduces the growth of a panel of seven Gram-positive bacteria, seven Gram-negative bacteria, and eight yeast strains with MIC values of 0.75-1.29, 1.05-1.59, and 0.7-1.17%, respectively [2]. It has insecticidal activity against C. molestus larvae with LC50 values ranging from 47 to 49 mg/L.3 ALPHA-PINENE (100 μg/ml) induces apoptosis, increases anion superoxide production and DNA fragmentation, and activates caspase-3 in B16/F10 melanoma cells [4]. In a B16/F10 mouse xenograft model, ALPHA-PINENE(100 ml of a 10 mg/ml solution) reduces the number of metastatic lung nodules by approximately 7-fold. ALPHA-PINENE(8.6 mg/L, aerosol) also increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze by approximately 2-fold in mice, indicating anxiolytic-like activity [5].

(-)-α-Pinene ((1S)-(-)-Alpha-Pinene) enhances the quantity of NREMS without affecting the intensity of NREMS by prolonging GABAergic synaptic transmission, acting as a partial modulator of GABAA-BZD receptors and directly binding to the BZD binding site of GABAA receptor.

(1R)-α-Pinene ((+)-alpha-Pinene) is a volatile substance from plants with antimicrobial activity and anthelmintic activity that reduces the growth of Bacillus cereus populations.

Alpha-Pinene oxide is the oxidised form and endogenous metabolite of alpha-pinene, used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

β-Pinene belongs to the bicyclic monoterpene organic compounds, which contain two precisely connected cyclic structures. It can be used as a natural raw material for the synthesis of fragrances and essences, and also as an intermediate for the preparation of resins, solvents and other chemical products.

α-Terpinene is a terpenoid,has acaricidal, antiprotozoal, and antioxidant properties

γ-Terpinene (p-Mentha-1,4-diene) is a monoterpene compound with high antioxidant properties suitable for oral consumption. It displays direct radical scavenging abilities and is known to be a potent antinociceptive agent.

Apopinene is a compound found in certain plants, particularly the toxic Aconitum genus, also known as monkshood or wolfsbane. This compound exhibits potent neurotoxicity and has historically been used as a poison. However, with great caution, it has also been employed as a medicinal herb.