ventricular

Nifekalant hydrochloride is an IKr potassium channel blocker with an IC50 of 10 µM. It is a Class III antiarrhythmic compound and can be used in the study of tachyarrhythmias.

Amiodarone hydrochloride is an anti-anginal agent and a class III antiarrhythmic drug that inhibits potassium channels (including wild-type hERG channels and their tail currents, with an IC₅₀ of approximately 45 nM) as well as voltage-gated sodium channels. This leads to prolonged action potential duration in ventricular and atrial myocytes, resulting in reduced heart rate and vascular resistance. It activates ERK1 2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in fibroblasts, promoting cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation. Amiodarone hydrochloride is widely used in the study of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias and can also be used to establish pulmonary fibrosis animal models.

Bunaftide (Bunaphtid) has antiarrhythmic effects and inhibits aconitine-induced ventricular tachycardia.

A-935142 is a human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG, Kv 11.1) channel activator that enhances hERG currents by slowing inactivation, promoting activation, reducing inactivation, and shortening atrial and ventricular repolarization in a complex manner.

T-0509 is a selective beta 1 receptor agonist that increases inotropy in canine ventricular muscle and selectively down-regulates rat cardiac beta 1-adrenoceptors.

AZD 7009 is a novel antiarrhythmic compound that inhibits the sodium current of hNav1.5 in CHO K1 cells with an IC50 of 11 uM. AZD 7009 inhibited late sodium current in isolated rabbit atrial and ventricular myocytes, and prolonged E-4031-induced action potential duration, promoting early post-depolarization of Purkinye fibers (EADs).

AZD-1305 is a novel anti-arrhythmic compound that primarily blocks the fast component of IKr, l-type calcium currents and intra-ward sodium currents in mammalian cells and ventricular cardiomyocytes and can be used in studies to reverse arrhythmias.

Indecainide (Ricainid) is a novel antiarrhythmic compound that is carcinogenic and can be used to study chronic stable ventricular arrhythmias secondary to coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy.

Nanterinone (UK 61260), an orally available partial phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is a novel positive inotropic and balanced vasodilator compound.Nanterinone, when administered orally, results in significant improvements in acute haemodynamics, which may depend on pre-existing left ventricular filling pressures.Nanterinone is a novel positive inotropic and balanced vasodilator that has demonstrated acute hemodynamic effects in patients with mild to moderate heart failure.

Oxodipine, a dihydropyridine-type calcium antagonist, inhibited KCl-induced aortic contraction in rabbits and reduced cardiac force in less potent rat ventricular test-paper contractions. In rat cultured neonatal ventricular myocytes, Oxodipine reduced L-type Ca currents (I) with an IC of 0.24 μM, and against T-type Ca currents (I) with an IC of 0.41 μM. Oxodipine causes constipation in mice and gingival hyperplasia in dogs.

Saterinone is a potent and selective phosphodiesterase III inhibitor and a potent antagonist of the vascular α-1-adrenoceptor. Saterinone has vasodilatory properties and can be used in the acute treatment of chronic heart failure. Saterinone inhibited crude cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in guinea pig right ventricular homogenates The ic50 value is 2.3 × 10(-5) mol l.

Sulcardine 2HCl is a multi-ion channel blocker with antiarrhythmic effects that blocks the properties of hERG and hNav1.5 channels and can be used to study atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias.

Fluoxetine (LY-110140) is a highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor. Fluoxetine has antidepressant activity.

Propafenone (Propafenonum) is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated. The electrophysiological effect of propafenone manifests itself in a reduction of upstroke velocity (Phase 0) of the monophasic action potential. In Purkinje fibers, and to a lesser extent myocardial fibers, propafenone reduces the fast inward current carried by sodium ions, which is responsible for the drugs antiarrhythmic actions. Diastolic excitability threshold is increased and effective refractory period prolonged. Propafenone reduces spontaneous automaticity and depresses triggered activity. At very high concentrations in vitro, propafenone can inhibit the slow inward current carried by calcium but this calcium antagonist effect probably does not contribute to antiarrhythmic efficacy.

Acebutolol hydrochloride (Acebutolol HCl) acts as a cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist with little effect on bronchial receptors and has intrinsic sympathomimetic properties. Acebutolol hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of acebutolol, a synthetic butyranilide derivative with hypotensive and antiarrhythmic activity. Having stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, Acebutolol hydrochloride is used in ventricular arrhythmias. Other indications include hypertension, alone or in combinations with other agents.

Minocycline hydrochloride (Minocycline HCl) is a tetracycline antibiotic with excellent absorption and tissue penetration that is used for several bacterial infections as well as treatment of acne. Minocycline hydrochloride can cause both an acute hepatitis-like syndrome occurring within 1 to 3 months of starting therapy or a more insidious chronic hepatitis with autoimmune features typically after long-term treatment.

Indapamide (Noranat) is a non-thiazide sulphonamide diuretic compound, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated cardiac failure.

Aplodan (creatinol-O-phosphate) exhibits antiischemic and antiarrhythmic capacity and protective action on the cell membrane. Aplodan can be used in research on the ischemic heart or ischemic heart disease with persistent ventricular premature beats.

Ajmaline (Cardiorythmine) is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic compound that is widely used for the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome and the acute treatment of atrial or ventricular tachycardia. Ajmaline inhibits cardiac Kv1.5 and Kv4.3 channels at therapeutic concentrations.

DL-Homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride (DL-Homocysteinethiolactone hydrochloride) is a cysteine derivative that binds to and induces conformational changes in various plasma proteins, slowing coagulation and inducing oxidative stress. It decreases left ventricular systolic blood pressure and cardiac force and induces seizures in vivo.

HMR 1556 is a chromanol derivative and is an IKs blocker (IC50s of 10.5 nM and 34 nM in canine and guinea pig left ventricular myocytes, respectively).

Pronethalol ((±)-Pronethalol), a non-selective β-adrenergic antagonist, effectively inhibits Sox2 expression and offers protection against Digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Additionally, it can reverse such arrhythmias and limit the development of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) [1] [2].

Disopyramide (Triombrin) is a class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.

Aladorian (ARM036) is a benzothiazepine derivative with anti-arrhythmia effects, used for research in heart failure and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia [1][2].