mitoapocynin (c11)

Mito-apocynin (C11) is a mitochondria-targeting antioxidant that works by targeting and neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during cellular respiration. Triphenylphosphonium bromide has been found to be effective in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a major cause of the aging process and various diseases. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant activities.

C-11 is a tubulin inhibitor and functions as an ADC cytotoxin, exhibiting cytotoxicity for carcinoma cell lines.

Aldo-keto reductases comprise of AKR1C1-AKR1C4, four enzymes that catalyze NADPH dependent reductions and have been implicated in biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, and detoxification. there is a strong correlation between the expression levels of these family members and the malignant transformation as well as the resistance to cancer therapy. Type I human hepatic 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C4) plays a significant role in bile acid biosynthesis, steroid hormone metabolism, and xenobiotic metabolism.

Mito-apocynin (C2) is an orally active mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-based compound, has antineuroinflammatory effects.