ganglia

AP-18 is a potent and selective TRPA1 inhibitor. AP-18 inhibits activation of TRPA1 induced by 50 μM Cinnamaldehyde with an IC50 of 3.1 μM and 4.5 μM for human and mouse TRPA1, respectively. AP-18 could reverse complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. AP-18 could attenuate Yo-Pro uptake induced by 30 μM AITC in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50= 10.3 μM).

Acetylcholine iodide (Acetylcolina) is a neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Fluphenazine Decanoate Dihydrochloride is an antipsychotic agent, it could block postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors in the limbic, cortical system and basal ganglia.

Flufenazine is an antipsychotic drug. It is used to treat chronic mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Flufenazine works by blocking postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors in the limbic system, cortical system, and basal ganglia. This prevents the effects

Hexamethonium Bromide (Hexamethonium Dibromide), a specific antagonist of neuronal-type nicotinic AChR in ganglia, is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

LY-266097, a selective 5-HT2BR antagonist, effectively reduces tactile hypersensitivity and demonstrates potential therapeutic effects in alleviating pain caused by nerve injury. Additionally, it decreases the upregulation of 5-HT2B receptors in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord following nerve damage. Research indicates that LY-266097 may play a potential role in the development of neuropathic pain pathways.

Acetylcholine bromide is the bromide salt of acetylcholine. It is an neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central ner

McN-A 343 is a selective M1 muscarinic agonist known for its ability to stimulate muscarinic transmission in sympathetic ganglia. It has been found to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental models of ulcerative colitis.

WWamide-1 is a neuromodulatory peptide isolated from the ganglia of Afrian giant snail, Achatina fulica.

WWamide-2 is used as a neuromodulatory peptide isolated from the ganglia of African giant snail, Achatina fulica.

WWamide-3 is a neuromodulatory peptide isolated from the ganglia of African giant snail, Achatina fulica.

AL-1 is a GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR containing ephrin found in developing tectum. It can mediate the bundling of cortical axons and repel the axonal growth of retinal ganglia axons. It exists in a variety of adult tissues of BRAIN; HEART;

Amifostine sodium is a phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.

Globotriaosycleramides are glycosphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes that are synthesized from lactosylceramides . They act as receptors for Shiga and Shiga-like toxins in vitro and in vivo. Globotriaosylceramides accumulate in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Globotriaosylceramides act as natural resistance factors to HIV infection, interacting with HIV gp120 to prevent its interaction with chemokine co-receptors and subsequent fusion of HIV to host cell membranes. This product contains a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramides isolated from porcine red blood cells (RBCs).

Globotriaosycleramides are glycosphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes that are synthesized from lactosylceramides . They act as receptors for Shiga and Shiga-like toxins in vitro and in vivo. Globotriaosylceramides accumulate in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Globotriaosylceramides act as natural resistance factors to HIV infection, interacting with HIV gp120 to prevent its interaction with chemokine co-receptors and subsequent fusion of HIV to host cell membranes. This product contains a mixture of hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramides isolated from porcine red blood cells (RBCs).

C16 globotriaosylceramide is an endogenous sphingolipid found in mammalian cell membranes that is synthesized from C16 lactosylceramide . C16 globotriaosylceramide acts as a receptor for Shiga toxin in B cell-derived Raji cells and THP-1 monocytes. It accumulates in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease. C16 globotriaosylceramide is also upregulated in plasma of patients with ovarian carcinoma compared to those with benign ovarian tumors or uterine fibroids.

C18 globotriaosylceramide is an endogenous sphingolipid found in mammalian cell membranes that is synthesized from lactosylceramide . It inhibits aggregation of human neutrophils induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 10008014) when used at a concentration of 1 μM. C18 globotriaosylceramide acts as a receptor for Shiga toxin in B cell-derived Raji cells and THP-1 monocytes. It accumulates in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen in a mouse model of Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. C18 globotriaosylceramide also accumulates in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease.

1. N-Methylcytisine (Caulophylline)'s nicotinic receptors have high affinity (KD = 5 nM)to nAChR from squid optical ganglia. 2. N-Methylcytisine and N, N-dimethylcytisine did not displace 14C-tubocurarine at a concentration of .1 mM, cytisine was the only effective inhibitor of 14C-tubocurarine specific binding (Ki=7 nM).

Trimetaphan camsilate is a drug that counteracts cholinergic transmission at the ganglion type of nicotinic receptors of the autonomic ganglia and therefore blocks both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. It acts as a non-depolarizing competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, is short-acting, and is given intravenously.

Hexamethonium chloride is a preferential nicotinic receptor blocker at the level of autonomic ganglia. It has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier only in high doses.

Oxybutynin R-isomer , also known as Aroxybutynin, is a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Aroxybutynin is the optically avtice inhibitor of proliferation and supresses gene expression in bladder smooth muscle cells. Oxybutynin exerts direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle and inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. It exhibits one-fifth of the anticholinergic activity of atropine on the rabbit detrusor muscle, but four to ten times the antispasmodic activity. No blocking effects occur at skeletal neuromuscular junctions or autonomic ganglia (antinicotinic effects).

TRPV1-Tat, a peptide antagonist targeting transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), is composed of amino acids 736-745 derived from TRPV1's A-kinase anchor protein (AKAP)-binding domain, combined with the HIV Tat-derived cell-penetrating peptide sequence. At a concentration of 200 µM, TRPV1-Tat effectively inhibits heat or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA014)-induced currents in primary mouse dorsal root ganglia via whole-cell patch-clamp assays. Additionally, when administered at dosages of 10 or 30 µM, it elevates the mechanical pain threshold in the hind paws of rats.

Tat-CBD3A6K, a peptide derivative of the N-type voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.2 and collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) interaction inhibitor Tat-CBD3, has demonstrated efficacy in a rat model of antiretroviral neuropathic pain caused by stavudine (d4T). Administered at 10 mg/kg, it preserves paw withdrawal threshold, indicating pain relief, and reduces the number of action potentials in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons from affected rats. Additionally, a 30 µM/animal dural dose of Tat-CBD3A6K lessens meningeal blood flow escalation triggered by capsaicin, showcasing its potential in managing neuropathic pain and inflammation.