acidic-ph

4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside (PNP-alpha-D-Gal) is an artificial substrate of 4-nitrophenyl (pNP) glycopyranoside used for detecting α-galactosidase activity. The amount of released pNP increases significantly when PNP-alpha-D-Gal is used as a substrate.

Artesunate (WR-256283) is a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin and an inhibitor of STAT-3/EXP1. Water-soluble yet relatively unstable in neutral or acidic aqueous solutions, Artesunate is primarily employed for the treatment of malaria.

Pantoprazole sodium (Pantecta) is the sodium salt form of a substituted benzimidazole with proton pump inhibitor activity. Pantoprazole sodium is a lipophilic, weak base that crosses the parietal cell membrane and enters the acidic parietal cell canaliculus where it becomes protonated, producing the active metabolite sulfenamide, which forms an irreversible covalent bond with two sites of the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme located on the gastric parietal cell, thereby inhibiting both basal and stimulated gastric acid production.

Finafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent from a new 8-cyano subclass, is most effective in slightly acidic environments (pH 5.0-6.0), a condition where other fluoroquinolones typically reduce in activity. It selectively targets bacterial type II topoisomerases, such as DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV, making it suitable for treating serious bacterial infections particularly in acidic contexts, including urinary tract infections (UTIs) and Helicobacter pylori infections.

Trepibutone is an acidic drug with pH-independent release.

JK-2 is a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor. At acidic pH, it shows a greatly accelerated H2S release upon protonation-induced intramolecular cyclization.

S-Nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are a class of molecules that function as exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) donors. RSNOs found in vivo include proteins such as S-nitrosohemoglobin and S-nitrosoalbumin, as well as low molecular weight species such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO). CAY10563 is a member of a new class of S-nitrosothiol species that act as an NO donors under acidic conditions. It decomposes with a half-life of one minute in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, at 37°C and relaxes phenylephrine-constricted rat aortic strips 59% and 16% at pH 6.0 and 7.4, respectively.

S-Nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are a class of molecules that function as exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) donors. RSNOs found in vivo include proteins such as S-nitrosohemoglobin and S-nitrosoalbumin, as well as low molecular weight species such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO). CAY10564 is a member of a new class of S-nitrosothiol species that act as NO donors under acidic conditions. It decomposes with a half-life of one minute in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, at 37°C and relaxes phenylephrine-constricted rat aortic strips 59% and 16% at pH 6.0 and 7.4, respectively.

S-Nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are a class of molecules that function as exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) donors. RSNOs found in vivo include proteins such as S-nitrosohemoglobin and S-nitrosoalbumin, as well as low molecular weight species such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO). CAY10565 is a member of a new class of S-nitrosothiol species that act as NO donors under acidic conditions. It decomposes with a half-life of 130 minutes in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, at 37°C and relaxes phenylephrine-constricted rat aortic strips 71% and 44% at pH 6.0 and 7.4, respectively.

Acid phosphatase (ACP) is an enzyme that releases attached phosphate groups from other molecules during digestion, is stored in lysosomes, has an optimal acidic pH, and serves as a medical marker and target for cancer immunotherapy.

Crovalimab (SKY59; RO7112689) is an Fc-engineered and pH-dependent humanised monoclonal antibody that binds to complement C5 and blocks its cleavage into C5a and C5b, thereby inhibiting MAC formation and intravascular haemolysis. It can rebind to the FcRn receptor under acidic pH conditions and return to the bloodstream, making it suitable for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH).

Methyl yellow is a pH indicator dye that appears red in acidic environments and transitions to yellow above pH 4. Methyl yellow is also employed in animal studies to induce hepatic tumor formation, where its administration alters bile composition by reducing DHA levels and increasing bile volume, with DHA concentration strongly correlating with biliary output, making this compound useful in hepatotoxicity and bile-acid metabolism research.

PD-1/PD-L1-IN-47 (MolPort-001-742-690) is a pH-selective inhibitor of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, demonstrating significant affinity for PD-L1 under acidic conditions and lower toxicity. It is utilized in the study of tumors.

1O14 is an ionizable lipid. Its ability to form unstable non-bilayer structures at acidic pH is crucial for endosomal escape and RNA cytosolic delivery. 1O14 is applicable in the preparation of liposomes.

IAJD93 is an ionizable lipid. Its ability to form unstable non-bilayer structures at acidic pH is crucial for endosomal escape and RNA delivery into the cytosol. IAJD93 can be utilized in the preparation of liposomes.

IAJD249 is an ionizable lipid. This type of lipid is crucial for endosomal escape and the delivery of RNA into the cytosol, due to its ability to form unstable non-bilayer structures at acidic pH. IAJD249 is also utilized in the preparation of liposomes.

Al-28 is an ionizable lipid that plays a crucial role in endosomal escape and RNA cytosol delivery by forming unstable non-bilayer structures at acidic pH. This compound is utilized in the preparation of liposomes.

L16 is an ionizable lipid. The ability of ionizable lipids to form unstable non-bilayer structures at acidic pH is crucial for endosomal escape and RNA cytosolic delivery. L16 can be utilized in liposome preparation.

306Oi9-cis2 is an ionizable lipid. The ability of ionizable lipids to form unstable non-bilayer structures at acidic pH is crucial for endosomal escape and RNA cytosolic delivery. 306Oi9-cis2 is utilized in the preparation of liposomes.

RM 137-15 is an ionizable lipid. Its ability to form unstable non-bilayer structures under acidic pH is crucial for endosomal escape and RNA cytosol delivery. RM 137-15 is utilized in the preparation of liposomes.

DSPE-PEG1000-TH is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and a pH-responsive cell-penetrating peptide (TH). In acidic environments, such as the tumor microenvironment, TH is activated, enabling the selective delivery of small molecules, oligonucleotides, proteins, and other agents into tumor cells.

DSPE-PEG5000-TH is a PEG compound formed from DSPE and the pH-responsive cell-penetrating peptide (TH). In acidic environments like the tumor microenvironment, TH is activated, allowing it to selectively deliver small molecules, oligonucleotides, proteins, and similar substances into tumor cells.

DSPE-PEG2000-TH is a PEG conjugate made from DSPE and a pH-responsive cell-penetrating peptide (TH). In acidic environments—such as the tumor microenvironment—TH becomes activated, allowing for the selective delivery of small molecules, oligonucleotides, and proteins into tumor cells.

DSPE-PEG3400-GALA is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and the lung endothelial-targeting peptide GALA. GALA is an amphiphilic pH-responsive peptide consisting of 30 amino acids, acting as a ligand targeting lung endothelium. In acidic environments of pH 5.0, GALA undergoes a conformational change from random coil to α-helix, inducing destabilization and fusion of the endosomal membrane. Liposomes modified with GALA cross lung endothelial cells through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and transcytosis and specifically accumulate in the lungs following intravenous injection. DSPE-PEG3400-GALA is applicable for drug delivery.