β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced dipotassium is an orally active, reduced coenzyme that functions as a donor of ADP-ribose units in ADP-ribosylation reactions and as a precursor of cyclic ADP-ribose. It also serves as a regenerative electron donor in essential cellular energy metabolism processes, including glycolysis, β-oxidation, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle [1].

NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).

NAD sodium (β-DPN sodium) is distributed across all human cells, involved in thousands of biochemical reactions, and is an essential coenzyme in the body.

6-Biotin-17-NAD+ sodium (Biotin-LC-NAD+ sodium) is a biotinylated derivative of NAD+ and can be used to measure NADH dehydrogenase activity.

2',3'-Cyclic NADP disodium (2',3'-cNADP+; β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-2',3'-cyclic phosphate) is a substrate of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP), an enzyme abundantly found in the myelin. It is utilized in coupled enzyme assays for the quantification of CNP activity. At a concentration of 5 μM, 2',3'-cNADP disodium can enhance calcium release due to calcium overload and prevent calcium-induced swelling in rat brain mitochondria.

NAD+ lithium (β-DPN lithium) is the lithium salt form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. This coenzyme plays a crucial role in redox reactions and can directly or indirectly influence various key cellular functions, such as metabolic pathways, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, cell aging, and immune cell functions.

Thio-NAD, a thione-modified derivative of the signaling molecule and enzyme cofactor NAD+, can substitute for NAD+ as a cofactor in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity assays. It is utilized as a substrate in dual-enzyme cycling ELISA for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein, or surface glycoprotein, and live M. tuberculosis in patient sputum. Thio-NAD is characterized by its absorbance at 405 nm, distinguishing it from other cofactors.

8-Bromo NAD+ serves as a prodrug for the cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) inhibitor, 8-bromo cADPR, undergoing conversion to its active form by the enzyme CD38. At a concentration of 1 mM, it effectively inhibits the rise in intracellular calcium levels and chemotaxis triggered by N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) in mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophils. Furthermore, when applied at 100 µM, this compound reduces LPS-induced nitrite production and decreases the secretion of TNF-α and IL-2 in mouse primary microglial cells.

8-(2-azidobenzylthio) NAD+ is a derivatized version of NAD+, a signaling molecule and enzyme cofactor, featuring an azido group (azidobenzylthio) that enables click chemistry applications.

8-(4-Azidophenacylthio) NAD+ is a clickable variant of the essential signaling molecule and enzyme cofactor, NAD+.

NADH disodium salt (Disodium NADH) hydrate is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that can donate electrons in a reducing reaction, becoming oxidized to produce NAD+. Various enzymes utilize NADH disodium salt hydrate plus H+ to reduce substrates, generating NAD+ and the reduced product.

NADP+ is the oxidized form of the electron donor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate . It serves as a cofactor in various biological reactions. In addition, the balance between these reduced and oxidized forms plays key roles in diverse cellular functions, including cell survival, the maintenance of redox status, and intracellular signaling. For example, binding of NADP+ to β-subunits of Kv channels activates ion transport, whereas NADPH stabilizes channel inactivation. NADP+ is biosynthesized from NAD+ by NAD kinase, with ATP as the phosphoryl donor.

NAD+ (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving NAD+. NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme that transmits hydrogen ions and is involved in redox reactions in cells. NAD+ is involved in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, etc. NAD+ accepts electrons from other molecules to form NADH, which then acts as a reducing agent to give electrons.

α-NAD (α-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) serves as a substrate for the enzyme renin and functions similarly to β-NAD analogs. It influences the kinetics of NAD-dependent enzymes and plays a crucial role as a cofactor in mitochondrial redox reactions.