phytohemagglutinin

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-M) is a lectin, isolated from the red kidney bean , induces apoptosis via increasing proapoptotic protein Bax and activating caspases-3. Anti-tumor activity

Phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P) is a naturally occurring lectin, the protein form of PHA.PHA is a selective T-cell mitogen that binds T-cell receptors and enhances HIV-1 replication.

Nosantine racemate, the racemic form of Nosantine, acts as an IL-2 inducer or enhances IL-2 induction by phytohemagglutinin (PHA).

VZMC013 is a potent chemical probe targeting the MOR-CCR5 heterodimer, effectively inhibiting HIV-1 entry exacerbated by opioid compounds. It exhibits nanomolar binding affinity to both MOR and CCR5, inhibits CCL5-activated calcium mobilization, and significantly enhances anti-HIV-1BaL activity compared to previously reported bivalent ligands. In TZM-bl cells co-expressing CCR5 and MOR, VZMC013 demonstrates greater inhibition of viral infection than in cells expressing only CCR5. Additionally, VZMC013 blocks HIV-1 entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a concentration-dependent manner and more effectively inhibits opioid-accelerated HIV-1 entry in phytohemagglutinin-activated PBMC than in opioid-free environments.

2,5-Deoxyfructosazine is a pyrazine derivative found in cured tobacco and used as a flavoring agent in the food and tobacco industry. It can be produced via pyrolytic decomposition of natural compounds or through the reaction of sugars with alcoholic ammonia. Additionally, it forms from the breakdown of D-glucosamine at neutral pH. Similar to glucosamine, 2,5-deoxyfructosazine exhibits DNA strand breakage activity and strongly inhibits IL-2 production by Jurkat cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (IC50 = ~1.25 mM).

AS1940477 is p38 MAPK inhibitor. AS1940477 inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant p38α and β isoforms but showed no effect against other 100 protein kinases including p38γ and δ isoforms. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, AS1940477 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or phytohemagglutinin A (PHA)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 at low concentrations (LPS/TNFα, IC(50)=0.45n M; PHA/TNFα, IC(50)=0.40 nM). In addition, equivalent concentrations of AS1940477 that inhibited cytokine production also inhibited TNFα- and IL-1 β-induced production of IL-6, PGE(2), and MMP-3 in human synovial stromal cells. AS1940477 was also found to potently inhibit TNF production in whole blood (IC(50)=12 nM) and effectively inhibited TNFα production induced by systemically administered LPS in rats at less than 0.1mg/kg (ED(50)=0.053 mg/kg) with an anti-inflammatory effect lasting for 20h after oral administration. Overall, this stu......

Phaseolus vulgarisLectin-P is a protein form of Phytohemagglutinin obtained prior to isolating and purifying Phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L) and PHA-E. It can be used to stimulate the proliferation of peripheral mononuclear cells, enhance the production of certain cytokines, and promote the expression of membrane surface proteins.