molecules

Tauroursodeoxycholate (UR 906), also known as ursodoxicoltaurine, is a highly hydrophilic tertiary bile acid that is produced in humans at a low concentration. Tauroursodeoxycholate is the more hydrophilic form of ursodeoxycholic acid, which is the more abundant naturally produced bile acid in humans.Tauroursodeoxycholate is being investigated for use in several conditions such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), insulin resistance, amyloidosis, Cystic Fibrosis, Cholestasis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Digitonin is a natural product of the glycoside family and is a detergent. Digitonin has antitumor activity, binds to cholesterol molecules to increase the permeability of cell membranes, and is active in the cleavage of cell membranes in a wide range of cells.

L-Cysteine hydrochloride hydrate (L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate) is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), taurine and glutathione. L-Cysteine hydrochloride hydrate suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans.

D-(+)-Cellobiose (Cellobiose) is a disaccharide, a reducing sugar, consists of two β-glucose molecules linked by a β(1→4) bond. It can be hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically or with acid.

Benzofuroxan is used as a starting material for the synthesis of other compounds, such as drugs and other chemicals; it is also used in the synthesis of polymers; it is also used in the synthesis of fluorescent dyes and as fluorescent probes for the detection of certain molecules.

NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).

Imidazole is a planar 5-membered ring and a highly polar compound. It has been used extensively as a corrosion inhibitor. Imidazole is incorporated into many important biological molecules.

Diaminopimelic acid or DAPA is a lysine-like amino acid derivative that is a key component of the bacterial cell wall. DAPA is incorporated or integrated into peptidoglycan of gram negative bacteria and is the attachment point for Braun's lipoprotein (BLP or Murein Lipoprotein). BLP is found in gram-negative cell walls and is one of the most abundant membrane proteins. BLP is bound at its C-terminal end (a lysine) by a covalent bond to the peptidoglycan layer (specifically to diaminopimelic acid molecules) and is embedded in the outer membrane by its hydrophobic head (a cysteine with lipids attached). BLP tightly links the two layers and provides structural integrity to the bacterial outer membrane. Diaminopimelic acid can be found in human urine or feces due to the lysis or enzymatic breakdown of gram negative gut microbes.

1. Chelidonine (Stylophorin) isolated from Chelidonium majus efficiently induced apoptosis in HeLa cells through possible alteration of p38-p53 and AKT PI3 kinase signalling pathways. 2. Chelidonine is a promising model compound for overcoming MDR and for enhancing cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics, especially against leukaemia cells, its efficacy needs to be confirmed in animal models. 3. Chelidonine may be a potential therapeutic agent against metastasis of invasive human cancer cells, exhibits antimigratory and antiinvasive effects in MDA-MB-231 cells, by suppressing COL-induced integrin signaling, through inhibiting the formation of the IPP complex and subsequent downregulation of IPP downstream signaling molecules, such as Akt and ERK1 2.

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1 2, p38, and JNK1 2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.

Nystose (1,1-Kestotetraose) is a tetrasaccharide composed of two fructose molecules linked via beta (1→2) bonds to the fructosyl moiety of sucrose.

4-Acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide is used in a variety of scientific research applications, including the synthesis of drugs, peptides and other biologically active molecules. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and polymer synthesis.

Lactodifucotetraose (Difucosyllactose), a tetrasaccharide extracted from human milk, consists of one D-glucose, one D-galactose, and two L-fucose molecules [1].

Epothilone C is a polyketide natural product. It is produced through the collaborative action of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and nine polyketide synthase (PKS) molecules within a multi-enzyme system. Epothilone C is utilized in tumor research.

Deoxyvasicinone derivatives can be considered as promising lead molecules for the development of more potent inhibitors of NEDD8-activating enzyme.

Acid phosphatase (ACP) is an enzyme that releases attached phosphate groups from other molecules during digestion, is stored in lysosomes, has an optimal acidic pH, and serves as a medical marker and target for cancer immunotherapy.

m-PEG10-CH2COOH, a PEG-based linker for PROTACs, connects two essential ligands, facilitating the formation of PROTAC molecules and enabling selective protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system within cells.

Neo-Inositol is a group of chemically very stable small polar molecules with a variety of properties. It is one of the naturally occurring but rare inositol stereoisomers.

Alpha-D-glucose hydrate is a monosaccharide and the most common form of glucose, playing a vital role in energy metabolism as the primary energy source for many cells. It is also a building block of larger carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen. The α prefix refers to the orientation of the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon atom. In solution, alpha-D-glucose exists as a hydrate, bound to water molecules.

Propynol Ethoxylate is a PEG-based linker for PROTACs [Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras] that connects two essential ligands, facilitating the formation of PROTAC molecules and enabling selective protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system within cells.

Asparenyldiol (Asparenydiol), an antioxidant agent [1], serves as a click chemistry reagent featuring an alkyne group that facilitates copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with azide-bearing molecules.

Shishijimicin C, a novel antitumor agent isolated from the ascidian Didemnum proliferum, exhibits highly potent cytotoxicities and anti-tumor activities. This compound also serves as a click chemistry reagent, featuring an alkyne group that can partake in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with azide-containing molecules.

Danshenxinkun A, Danshenxinkun B and Neocryptotanshinone may intervene thrombotic diseases by adjusting the targets mainly involved in pathways of endocrine system, signal transduction, signaling molecules and interaction, cell motility, environmental ada

Violacein is a bacterial metabolite originally isolated from C. violaceum that has antibacterial and antiprotozoal activities.[1] [2] It is produced by C. violaceum as a purple pigment in response to N-hexanoyl homoserine lactone , a property that has been modified to create a strain of C. violaceum used in detecting quorum-sensing molecules.[3] Violacein is active against Gram-positive bacteria, including B. subtilis and S. aureus (MICs = 0.8 and 1.6 µM, respectively). It is also active against P. falciparum, including chloroquine-susceptible and -resistant strains (IC50s = 0.85 and 0.63 µM, respectively).[2] It reduces parasitemia in a mouse model of nonlethal P. chabaudi chabaudi infection when administered at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg and increases survival in a mouse model of lethal P. chabaudi chabaudi infection. Violacein permeabilizes the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells but does not affect the cell wall.[1]