mitochondrial bioenergetics

Glibenclamide (Glyburide) is an antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

α-Lipoic Acid (Alphalipoic acid) inhibits NF-κB-dependent HIV-1 LTR activation. α-Lipoic Acid induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatoma cells.α-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant, which is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial enzyme complexes.

3-hydroxy Palmitic acid is a form of the 16:0 lipid palmitic acid . The lipid A part of lipopolysaccharides contain various 3-hydroxy fatty acids, making oxylipins such as 3-hydroxy palmitic acid useful as chemical markers of endotoxins. In R. solanacearum, 3-hydroxy palmitic acid is converted by an S-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferase to 3-hydroxy palmitic acid methyl ester, which acts as a quorum sensing signal molecule for post-transcriptional modulation of genes involved in virulence. Long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 3-hydroxy palmitic acid, are also known to accumulate during long-chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiencies. Such accumulation induces oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial bioenergetics deregulation and eventual multi-organ dysfunction.

PDK-IN-2 (Compound 1F), with an IC50 of 68 nM, is a potent PDK inhibitor that downregulates the expression of PDK1 and PDK4 in cells. It promotes mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduces glycolytic activity, and triggers apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Additionally, PDK-IN-2 has been shown to impede tumor growth in a 4T1 syngeneic mouse model [1].

Bid BH3 peptide, a small peptide derived from the Bid protein, binds to and activates the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak, leading to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and cell apoptosis (apoptosis). This peptide is utilized in research on mitochondrial bioenergetics.