cox-2-in-11

COX-2-IN-11 (compound 7b2) is a potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor with potential applications in inflammation disease research[1].

COX-2-IN-37 (compound 11) is a potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor with significant antioxidant properties, exhibiting an IC50 value of 33.0 μg/mL.

AMK is an active metabolite of the neurohormone melatonin .1,2,3,4It is formed from melatoninviathe metabolic intermediate AFMK that is then deformylated by catalase or formamidase.5,6AMK scavenges singlet oxygenin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 200 μM.1It inhibits the epinephrine- and arachidonic acid-induced production of prostaglandin E2and PGD2in ovine seminal vesicle microsomes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as well as LPS-induced increases in COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages when used at a concentration of 500 μM.2,3AMK (20 mg/kg) decreases MPTP-induced increases in lipid peroxidation in the cytosol and mitochondria from substantia nigra and striatum in a mouse model of MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease.4 1.Schaefer, M., and Hardeland, R.The melatonin metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine is a potent singlet oxygen scavengerJ. Pineal Res.46(1)49-52(2009) 2.Kelly, R.W., Amato, F., and Seamark, R.F.N-acetyl-5-methoxy kynurenamine, a brain metabolite of melatonin, is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesisBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.121(1)372-379(1984) 3.Mayo, J.C., Sainz, R.M., Tan, D.-X., et al.Anti-inflammatory actions of melatonin and its metabolites, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK), in macrophagesJ. Neuroimmunol.165(1-2)139-149(2005) 4.Tapias, V., Escames, G., López, L.C., et al.Melatonin and its brain metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine prevent mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase induction in parkinsonian miceJ. Neurosci. Res.87(13)3002-3010(2009) 5.Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L.C., Reiter, R.J., et al.Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: A potentially new metabolic pathway of melatonin biotransformationFree Radic. Biol. Med.29(11)1177-1185(2000) 6.Hirata, F., Hayaishi, O., Tokuyama, T., et al.In vitro and in vivo formation of two new metabolites of melatoninJ. Biol. Chem.249(4)1311-1313(1974)

O-Desmethyl-N-deschlorobenzoyl indomethacin is a metabolite of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and COX inhibitor indomethacin, formed from indomethacin in isolated rabbit hepatocytes. O-Desmethyl-N-deschlorobenzoyl indomethacin (600 μM) decreases the viability of HL-60 leukemia cells when cultured with glucose oxidase. It has also been used in the synthesis of prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists.

11(R)-HETE is biosynthesized by 11(R)-LOs of the sea urchin, S. purpuratus, and the fresh water hydra, H. vulgaris. The biological activity of 11(R)-HETE relates to oocyte maturation and tentacle regeneration, respectively, in these two species. 11(R)-HETE is also produced when aspirin-treated recombinant COX-2 is incubated with arachidonic acid. Stereochemical assignment of the (R) enantiomer is based on comparison of chiral HPLC retention times to published results.

Prostaglandin F1α (PGF1α) is a lipid mediator and an endogenous metabolite of prostacyclin, primarily metabolised from DGLA via the COX pathway, and can dose-dependently regulate smooth muscle contraction.