thioacetamide

Enoxaparin sodium is a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) that has recently been approved by the US FDA for use in patients with medically managed ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI), or STEMI with subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Thioacetamide (TAA) is an indirect hepatotoxin commonly used to induce experimental liver injury. It is metabolized by CYP2E1 into reactive metabolites that covalently bind to proteins and lipids, leading to oxidative stress and centrilobular necrosis, hepatocyte death, and M1/M2 macrophage-dominated inflammation. TAA is widely used to establish models of chronic liver fibrosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver cancer.

Thioacetamide-S-oxide, a metabolite of Thiocetamide, functions as a δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase inhibitor [1].

Tat-Gap 19, a peptide inhibitor of connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannels, is derived from the HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain fused with a nine-amino acid sequence from Cx43 residues 128-136. This compound, at a concentration of 10 µM, effectively suppresses glutamate-induced ATP release in primary rat hepatocytes, indicating inhibition of Cx43 hemichannel activity. Furthermore, Tat-Gap 19 demonstrates therapeutic potential by significantly reducing infarct volume in a mouse cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) at a dosage of 25 mg/kg. Moreover, its intraperitoneal administration at 1 mg/kg per day ameliorates fibrosis and decreases the area of hepatic stellate cells, the precursors to myofibroblasts, expressing α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), in a model of thioacetamide-induced liver damage. Additionally, it enhances superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hepatic cells from the treated mice, indicating its antioxidative benefits.