edema

SC-58125 is a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.04 μM. SC-58125 exhibits antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo, and it also can inhibit edema at the inflammatory site and is analgesic

Furaprofen is an orally available, selective and potent HCV inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and inhibits cotton pellet-induced granulomas in rats at higher doses.

Kamuvudine-8 (K8) is a zidovudine (AZT) derivative that can be used to study diabetic macular edema.

KP136 (AL136) is an orally active anti-allergic compound that inhibits histamine release and is used in studies of asthma and allergic edema.

Dixyrazine (UCB 3412)has a transient antihypertensive effect, prevents cerebral edema induced by injections of ichthyosperm sulfate, and may be used in the study of neurologically related disorders.

AA 2379 is an orally available antirheumatic agent with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity that dose-dependently inhibits complement-mediated yeast glycan-induced paw edema in rats and yeast glycan-activated serum-induced peritonitis in mice.

Rho-Kinase-IN-1 is an inhibitor of ROCK with Kis of 30.5 nM and 3.9 nM for ROCK1 and ROCK2, respectively. Rho-Kinase-IN-1 can be used in studies about excessive cell proliferation, remodeling, edema and inflammation diseases.

Safotibant (LF-22-0542) is a bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity for the topical treatment of diabetic macular edema.

Aligeron, a non-selective prostaglandin (PG) antagonist, inhibits PGF2α- and PGE2-induced blood pressure decreases in cats and can prevent PGF2α-induced diarrhea in mice and PGE2-induced paw edema in rats. Additionally, Aligeron is recognized for its antioxidant-protective effect against vascular complications.

Zileuton (A 64077) is a synthetic derivative of hydroxyurea with antiasthmatic properties. The leukotriene inhibitor zileuton blocks 5-lipoxygenase, which catalyzes the formation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid; causes bronchodilation; decreases bronchial mucous secretion and edema; and may prevent or decrease the symptoms of asthma.

Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate (Glycyrrhizin) , an extensively used anti-inflammatory agent, is isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to glycyrrhetinic acid, which inhibits 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, the main and sweet component of licorice, has been studied for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with potassium loss and sodium retention, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as inhibited the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Ketorolac (Acuvail) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the family of heterocyclic acetic acid derivatives. It acts by inhibiting the bodily synthesis of prostaglandins.

Acetazolamide sodium (OT-302 sodium) is a potent carbonic anhydrase (CA)IX inhibitor with diuretic, antigonococcal, and antihypertensive activity and may be used for indications such as epilepsy, glaucoma, edema, and altitude sickness.

TGN-020 is an inhibitor of Aquaporin 4 (AQP4, IC50: 3.1 μM), the most abundant water channel in the brain.

Esculetin (Cichorigenin) is a coumarin derivative from various natural plant products with various biological and pharmaceutical properties including anti-edema, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour effects. It inhibits lipoxygenases (LOs).

GSK-872 (GSK2399872A) is an effective and specific RIP3 kinase inhibitor. It binds RIP3 kinase domain with high affinity (IC50: 1.8 nM) and inhibits kinase activity (IC50: 1.3 nM).

Benzydamine is a benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Benzydamine is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing.

Alnustone ((4E,6E)-1,7-Diphenyl-4,6-heptadien-3-one) exerts significant anti-inflammatory activity in the assay of carrageenin-induced hind paw edema in rats.

Mogroside V is a widely used sweetener, has in vitro AMPK activating effect, it also has anti-inflammatory potential in murine macrophages and a murine ear edema model, and has the potential to protect against LPS-induced airway inflammation in a model of ALI. Mogroside V has antioxidant properties and possesses tumor growth inhibitory activity in pancreatic cancer models.

N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-Lys (fMLFK) is a peptide that acts as a potent and selective agonist of FPR1, with EC50s of 3.5 nM for FPR1, 6.7 μM for FPR2, and 0.88 μM for FPR2-D2817.32G. This chemotactic peptide binds specifically to receptors on leukocyte membranes and its uptake can contribute to the quantitative assessment of neutrophils in localized inflammatory processes, independent of associated edema formation or microcirculatory compromise.

Arjunglucoside I has anti-inflammatory activity, it exhibits significant activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat. It also shows antiproliferative activity against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line with an IC(50) value of 1.2 microM.

Polythiazide (NSC-108161, P-2525) is used to treat fluid retention (edema) caused by a variety of causes, including congestive heart failure, severe liver disease (cirrhosis), kidney disease, or steroid or hormonal medication.

SDZ 224-015 is an orally active inhibitor of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) converting enzyme and caspase-1, exhibiting anti-COVID-19 and anti-inflammatory activity, and reducing carrageenan gum-induced paw edema in rats.

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a 13-amino acid peptide hormone produced by post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary gland, as well as in keratinocytes, astrocytes, monocytes, and gastrointestinal cells.1It is an agonist of melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) and MC4R that induces cAMP production in Hepa cells expressing the human receptors (EC50s = 0.16 and 56 nM, respectively).2α-MSH (100 pM) reducesS. aureuscolony formation andC. albicansgerm tube formationin vitro.3It inhibits endotoxin-, ceramide-, TNF-α-, or okadaic acid-induced activation of NF-κB in U937 cells.1α-MSH reduces IL-6- or TNF-α-induced ear edema in mice.4It also prevents the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and increases survival in a mouse model of septic shock. Increased plasma levels of α-MSH are positively correlated with delayed disease progression and reduced death in patients with HIV.1 1.Catania, A., Airaghi, L., Colombo, G., et al.α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in normal human physiology and disease statesTrends Endocrinol. Metab.11(8)304-308(2000) 2.Miwa, H., Gantz, I., Konda, Y., et al.Structural determinants of the melanocortin peptides required for activation of melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.273(1)367-372(1995) 3.Cutuli, M., Cristiani, S., Lipton, J.M., et al.Antimicrobial effects of a-MSH peptidesJ. Leukoc. Biol.67(2)233-239(2000) 4.Lipton, J.M., Ceriani, G., Macaluso, A., et al.Antiiinflammatory effect of the neuropeptide a-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammationAnn. N.Y. Acad. Sci.25(741)137-148(1994)