diabetic kidney disease

Irbesartan (SR-47436) is an Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blocker whose mechanism of action involves antagonizing the Angiotensin 2 Receptor.

Enalapril sodium is used to treat high blood pressure, diabetic kidney disease, and heart failure and can be generally used with a diuretic such as furosemide for heart failure.

LJ-2698 is an adenosine A3 receptor antagonist under investigation for treating emphysema and DKD (Diabetic Kidney Disease). In mouse lung models, LJ-2698 effectively mitigates elastase-induced adverse effects and inhibits matrix metalloproteinase activity and apoptosis. Additionally, it is being explored for its potential in treating diabetic nephropathy, successfully preventing various types of kidney damage in mice.

Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine is an N(6)-acyl-L-lysine derivative that establishes cross-links between extracellular matrix (ECM) components through the catalytic activity of the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTg), and Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine has been implicated in the pathological remodeling of tissues in diseases such as non-diabetic kidney disease and in the progression of glaucoma filtration, rendering it a critical biomarker and mechanistic factor in extracellular matrix biology.

BI-685509 is a potent and orally active sGC activator. BI-685509 restores cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and improves functionality of nitric oxide (NO) pathways. BI-685509 can be used in research of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) .

Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine (H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH) TFA, an N(6)-acyl-L-lysine derivative, is crucial in forming epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine crosslinks within extracellular matrix (ECM) components, facilitated by tissue transglutaminase (tTg), and is significant in diseases like non-diabetic kidney disease and glaucoma filtration [1].

THX-B, a potent non-peptidic antagonist of the neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75 NTR), is utilized in the study of diabetic kidney disease, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders [1] [2] [3].

Phenyl sulfate is a gut microbiota-derived metabolite of tyrosine and a recognized uremic toxin. At a concentration of 30 µM, phenyl sulfate reduces the survival of differentiated human urinary podocyte-like epithelial cells (HUPECs), decreases intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and induces mitochondrial dysfunction. In a db/db mouse model of diabetes, phenyl sulfate administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg induces podocyte damage and albuminuria. Elevated plasma levels of phenyl sulfate are correlated with the progression of albuminuria in patients suffering from diabetic kidney disease, highlighting its role as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target.

CYP4A11/CYP4F2-IN-2 (compound 15) serves as an orally administered inhibitor targeting CYP4A11/4F2, exhibiting IC50 values of 120 nM and 220 nM, respectively. This compound effectively suppresses 20-HETE production within the rat kidney and shows promise in mitigating the progression of diabetic nephropathy and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [1].