α-CGRP(human) TFA

α-CGRP (human) TFA is a 37-amino acid regulatory neuropeptide extensively located within the central and peripheral nervous systems, functioning as a potent vasodilator [1].

β-CGRP,human tissue is one of the calcitonin peptide, through complex behavior of calcitonin receptor like receptor (CRLR) - and receptor activity - modifying proteins (increased), and 1 and 300 - nM CRLR IC50s/RAMP1 and CRLR/RAMP2 cells.

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide, human(TFA) is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function. The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.

Kisspeptin-10, human TFA is a potent vasoconstrictor and angiogenesis inhibitor. Kisspeptin-10, human TFA acts as a tumor metastasis suppressor via its receptor GPR54. Kisspeptin-10-GPR54 system plays an important role in embryonic kidney development. Kisspeptin-10/GPR54 signaling induces osteoblast differentiation via NFATc4-mediated BMP2 expression

α-CGRP (human) acetate is a regulatory neuropeptide of 37 amino acids. It is the most potent vasodilator known to date and has inotropic and chronotropic effects.

CGRP (83-119), rat TFA (Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide(83-119), rat TFA) is a 37 amino acid calcitonin family of neuropeptide, acts through calcitonin receptor-like receptor.

Biotin-β-Amyloid (1-42), human TFA, also known as Biotin-Amyloid β-Peptide (1-42) (human) TFA, is a biotin-labeled 42-amino acid peptide implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (18-39), human TFA (CLIP human TFA) is a corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide produced in the melanotrophs of the pituitary's intermediate lobe.

Tau protein (592-597), Human (TFA) is a peptide fragment of human Tau protein.

PAMP-12(human, porcine) TFA, a significant constituent of immunoreactive (ir)-PAMP, derives from the adrenomedullin precursor and functions as a potent hypotensive peptide involved in cardiovascular regulation [1].

Gastric inhibitory peptide 1 (GIP-1) (3-42), a fragment of the incretin hormone GIP and antagonist to the GIP receptor, is generated through the action of serum dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4). When administered at 25 nmol/kg to an ob/ob mouse diabetes model, GIP-1 (3-42) elevates plasma glucose levels and lowers plasma insulin levels, demonstrating its effect on reducing insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 pancreatic cells at a concentration of 100 nM.

TIP39, a neuropeptide and an agonist for the parathyroid hormone receptor type 2 (PTH2R), effectively increases cAMP levels in COS-7 cells featuring recombinant PTH2R from humans or rats (EC50s = 0.5 and 0.8 nM, respectively), as well as in F-11 cells that naturally express PTH2R (EC50 = 1.15 nM). Furthermore, TIP39 at 1 nM halts the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and reduces Sox9 expression, a crucial regulator of cartilage differentiation, in CFK2 rat chondrocytes. Additionally, administering 100 pmol/animal of TIP39 reduces the immobility period in the forced swim test in mice, indicating a potential antidepressant effect.

LL-37 (18-37), an antimicrobial peptide fragment of LL-37, exhibits activity against S. aureus and C. albicans, with minimum lethal concentrations of 4 µM and 10 µM, respectively. Additionally, it inhibits E. histolytica trophozoites growth at concentrations between 10 to 50 µM.

[Ala11,D-Leu15]-Orexin B(human) TFA is a potent, selective agonist for the orexin-2 receptor (OX2), demonstrating 400-fold higher selectivity for OX2 (EC50=0.13 nM) compared to the orexin-1 receptor (OX1) with an EC50 of 52 nM.

MCH (human, mouse, rat) TFA is a potent peptide agonist for MCH receptors, exhibiting binding IC50 values of 0.3 nM for MCH1R and 1.5 nM for MCH2R. It is particularly effective against MCH-2R in a CHO cell line, with functional activation EC50 values of 3.9 nM for MCH-1R and 0.1 nM for MCH-2R, as evidenced by intracellular calcium mobilization measured with FLIPR [1].

Lys-γ3-MSH(human) TFA, a melanocortin peptide originating from the C-terminal fragment of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), enhances the steroidogenic response of rat adrenal glands to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). It is a potent stimulator of lipolysis, demonstrating an apparent EC50 of 3.56 nM, by activating hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and Perilipin A, leading to lipolysis [1] [2].

β-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH), human TFA, is a 22-residue peptide functioning as an endogenous agonist for the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) [1].

CART(62-76)(human,rat) TFA, a neuropeptide encompassing residues 62-76 of the CART peptide, exhibits neurotransmitter-like properties and modulates the striatal noradrenergic system, as well as the corticostriatal and hypothalamic serotoninergic (5-HT) systems in the rat brain [1].

(Leu31,Pro34)-Peptide YY (human) (TFA) is the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) form of (Leu31,Pro34)-Peptide YY (human), a derivative of Peptide YY that acts as a potent and selective Y1 agonist, exhibiting a dissociation constant (K D) of 1.0 nM [1].

FibrinopeptideB,human is a 14-amino acid polypeptide released from the amino terminus of the fibrinogen segment.

Orexin B, human (TFA) is an endogenous agonist at Orexin receptor with Kis of 420 and 36 nM for OX1 and OX2.

β-CGRP, human ,a 37-amino acid peptide,is the beta form of Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (β-CGRP), involved extensively in regulation of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. β-CGRP contains a disulphide bridge at the N-terminus, a C-terminal phenylal

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) II, rat (TFA) is a neuropeptide with 37 amino acid.

TNF-α (31-45), human (TFA) is a peptide of tumor necrosis factor-α.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37), human (TFA), is a highly potent agonist of the GLP-1 receptor and is a pancreatic hormone synthesized through post-translational processing of proglucagon.

MART-1 (26-35) (human) TFA is an amino acid residue of 26-35 protein.

Obestatin(human) TFA, an endogenous peptide originating from the same prepropeptide as ghrelin, is known to suppress food intake and reduce weight gain in rats.

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (1-20) (IRBP1-20), a dodecapeptide fragment of retinoid-binding protein 3, plays a crucial role in pigment regeneration by facilitating the transport of retinol and retinal between photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. It has been utilized to provoke autoimmune uveoretinitis in C57BL/6 mice, possessing the H-2b haplotype. Furthermore, IRBP1-20 at a concentration of 3 µM enhances the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 from primary mouse spleen lymphocytes. Immunization and subsequent rechallenge with IRBP1-20 lead to increased ear swelling, inflammation of ocular blood vessels, infiltration by immune cells, damage to the photoreceptor layer, and retinal detachment in IFN-γ-deficient mice.

TNF-α (31-45), human (TFA), is a peptide of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF alpha), an inflammatory cytokine that induces necrosis or apoptosis.

Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor TFA, also known as Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Human TFA, is a hypothalamic polypeptide that promotes the production and release of growth hormone (GH) through its interaction with the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GHRHR) on anterior pituitary cells [1].

GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, rat) TFA, a variant of GLP-1 (7-36) amide, induces [14C]aminopyrine accumulation in enzymatically dispersed enriched rat parietal cells [1].

EGFR peptide (myristoylated), a synthetic peptide inhibitor of PKC (IC50 = 5 µM), corresponds to the intracellular region's amino acid sequence of EGFR. It effectively reverses doxorubicin resistance in UV-2237M (UV-2237M-ADRR) fibrosarcoma cells at a concentration of 1 µM.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) (54-72), a peptide comprising amino acids 54-72 from the mature IL-8 sequence and 81-99 from the pre-processed form, inhibits the flow-based adhesion of primary human neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Angiotensin II human TFA, a potent vasoconstrictor within the renin/angiotensin system, plays a pivotal role in human blood pressure regulation primarily through interactions with the G-protein-coupled receptors Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). It not only prompts sympathetic nervous stimulation, aldosterone biosynthesis, and renal effects but also fosters growth in vascular smooth muscle cells and boosts collagen type I and III synthesis in fibroblasts. This action results in the thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, alongside fibrosis. Additionally, Angiotensin II human TFA triggers apoptosis and encourages capillary formation from endothelial cells through the LOX-1 dependent redox-sensitive pathway [1] [2] [3] [4].

Adrenomedullin (16-31), human TFA, a fragment containing amino acid residues 16-31 of human adrenomedullin (hADM), demonstrates significant CGRP1 receptor affinity and exhibits pressor activity in the rat systemic vascular bed while lacking this effect in cats [1].

Kisspeptin-54(human) TFA, also known as Metastin(human) TFA, is the natural ligand for the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1, GPR54). It demonstrates high affinity for both rat and human GPR54 receptors with dissociation constants (K i) of 1.81 nM and 1.45 nM, respectively. This compound plays a crucial role in inhibiting tumor metastasis and promoting the secretion of gonadotropins, as evidenced by references [1] [2].

Angiotensin III, human, mouse (TFA), is a peptide hormone involved in blood pressure regulation.

Endothelin 1 (swine, human) (TFA) is a synthetic peptide mirroring the sequence of the potent endogenous vasoconstrictor found in both human and swine Endothelin 1, operating via two receptor types, ET A and ET B [1].

Hemopressin TFA, a nonapeptide originating from the α1-chain of hemoglobin and initially isolated from rat brain homogenates, is an orally active, selective inverse agonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors that demonstrates antinociceptive effects in inflammatory pain models [1] [2].

β-Casomorphin, human TFA (Human β-casomorphin 7 TFA) an opioid peptide that ACTS as an opioid receptor agonist.

Adrenomedullin (AM) (22-52), human [22-52-Adrenomedullin human], TFA, is a C-terminal truncated analogue of adrenomedullin and acts as an adrenomedullin receptor antagonist.

Neuropeptide S human (TFA) is a potent endogenous neuropeptide S receptor agonist (EC50=9.4 nM).

Angiotensin II is a potent direct vasoconstrictor, causing arteries and veins to constrict, so leading to an increase in blood pressure.

Endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRP) agonist.

PACAP (1-38), a novel neuropeptide isolated from the bovine hypothalamus is more active than vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in stimulating adenylate cyclase (EC50=7 nM). PACAP 1-38 (10-9 M) increased substance P (SP), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP),

Endothelin-2 (49-69), human (TFA), is a 21-amino acid vasoactive peptide that binds to ET-RA and ET-RB receptors.

TNF-α (10-36), human (TFA) is a peptide of human TNF-α.

Nocistatin (human) TFA inhibits the allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by nociceptin and mitigates pain triggered by prostaglandin E2 [1].