Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

Isomucronulatol 7-O-glucoside is a biologically active isoflavone isolated from Astragalus membranaceus.

Abietic Acid (Sylvic acid) is the primary component of resin acid isolated from rosin.

Salvianolic acid E is a water-soluble constituent isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Nuezhenidic acid is a natural product, posseses inhibitory activities against influenza A virus.

3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid (Isoursodeoxycholic acid) is a bile acid. 3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid (administered orally has shown good tolerability and good intestinal absorption. 3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid can undergo enzymatic isomerization in the intestine and liver and produce UDCA.

Polygalacic acid (Virgaureagenin G)(PA) significantly improves cholinergic system reactivity, as indicated by decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, increases choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and elevates levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, PA also significantly ameliorates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in mice; suggest that PA might exert a significant neuroprotective effect on cognitive impairment, driven in part by the modulation of cholinergic activity and neuroinflammation. Polygalacic acid shows significant postingestive effects on Spodoptera littoralis larvae.

Butein (2’,3,4,4’-tetrahydroxy Chalcone), a plant polyphenol, is isolated from Rhus verniciflua. It can inhibit the activation of protein tyrosine kinase, NF-κB and STAT3, and also can inhibit EGFR.

Aristolochic acid B (Aristolochic Acid II) is one of the major components of the carcinogenic plant extract aristolochic acid, is known to be mutagenic and to form DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo, Aristolochic acid B shows more carcinogenic risk than aristolochic acid I, and this may be, at least partly, the result of its increased levels in kidney and plasma.

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity and is catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. 2',3'-cGAMP sodium binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

Salvianolic Acid C is extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial plant in the genus Salvia.

Decitabine (Deoxycytidine) is a deoxycytidine analog, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor with oral activity. Decitabine has antitumor activity and antimetabolic activity. Decitabine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

2-Hydroxy-1-methoxyanthraquinone (Alizarin 1-methyl ether) is a natural product isolated from Morinda lucida Benth. (Rubiaceae) with antibacterial activity.

Methyl 2-furoate (Methyl furan-2-carboxylate) is a natural product that found in cocoa and cocoa products

Trans-2-Hexenal (trans-2-Hexenal) is an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound protecting plants against harmful substances.

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a flavouring ingredien

Thiobarbituric acid (NSC-4733) has Antibacterial Activity.

L-(R,S)-Tetrahydropalmatine (Rotundine) is extracted from Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang.

Ethyl phenethyl acetal (Hyacinth Body) is a substance isolated from the green goldenseal flower.

Ferulic Acid (Coniferic acid) is a highly abundant phenolic phytochemical and a type of organic compound found in the Ferula assafoetida L. or Ligusticum chuanxiong.It can be absorbed by the small intestine and excreted through the urine.

Ursolic acid (Prunol)(Bungeolic acid), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, shows anti-tumor effects.

Isonicotinic acid is a metabolite of Isoniazid.Isonicotinic acid is a useful isomer of nicotinic acid. Isoniazid is converted to Isonicotinic acid by hydrazinolysis, with the biotransformation also to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP2C.

Ethyl caprate (Ethyl decanoate) is a flavor and food additive present in wine and is used in food, flavors and cosmetics.

(+/-)-Terreic acid is a natural product found in Kulturen v. Aspergillus flavipes.

L-Tartaric acid ((2R,3R)-(+)-Tartaric acid) occurs naturally in many plants, particularly grapes and tamarinds, and is one of the main acids found in wine. It is used as an antioxidant. Salts of tartaric acid are known as tartrates. L-Tartaric acid is a muscle toxin, which works by inhibiting the production of malic acid, and in high doses causes paralysis and death.

(S)-N-Glycidylphthalimide (2-[(2S)-2-Oxiranylmethyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione) is a phthalimide derivative used as an intermediate in the preparation of the antibiotic Linezolid.

2-Acetylbenzoic acid is more potent than 2-propionyloxybenzoic acid in inhibiting platelet function and platelet prostaglandin (PG) synthesis although the potencies of these agents were comparable in inhibiting prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis.

L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) , a non-essential amino acid, is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia.

Lecithin (L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine) is considered a safe source of conventional phospholipids. Phospholipids can change the fatty acid composition and microstructure of animal cell membrane.

L-Glutamic acid (Glutaminol) acts as an excitatory transmitter, shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

L-Serine (serine) is a non-essential amino acid in humans, L-Serine is present and functionally important in many proteins.L-Serine is also found at the active site of the serine protease enzyme class that includes trypsin and chymotrypsin.

α-L-Rhamnose monohydrate (6-deoxy-L-mannose monohydrate) is a component of bacterial polysaccharides where it plays an important role in pathogenicity.

Desaminotyrosine (3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid) is a microbially associated metabolite. Desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling.

Asiatic acid (Dammarolic acid) is the aglycone of asiaticoside used in wound healing with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.

L-aspartic acid potasium salt（VX-548） is an amino acid widely found in plants and animals.L-aspartic acid potasium salt drives the production of nitrogen oxides, which promotes phagocytosis and contributes to fish survival.L-aspartic acid potasium salt may stimulate antibiotics. The stimulatory effect may be related to precursors involved in aspartic acid-4-semialdehyde biosynthesis.

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates and a key cellular metabolite in signal transduction and regulation of energy homeostasis.It has a role as an EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor and an adenosine A1 receptor agonist.

Glycitin (Glycitein 7-O-β-glucoside), a natural isoflavone isolated from legumes, can promote the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts and suppresses bone turnover.

L-Cysteine hydrochloride hydrate (L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate) is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), taurine and glutathione. L-Cysteine hydrochloride hydrate suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans.

Methyl acetylsalicylate (ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER) is a natural product isolated from Pisum sativum. Inhibition of collagen-induced human platelet rich plasma aggregation

Sulcatone (6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one) is an alarm/panic pheromone produce by ant species.

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Trans-2-butene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (3-Hexenedioic Acid) is a normal human unsaturated dicarboxylic acid metabolite with increased excretion in patients with Dicarboxylic aciduria caused by fatty acid metabolism disorders The urinary excretion of Trans-2-butene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid is increased in conditions of augmented mobilization of fatty acids or inhibited fatty acid oxidation.

Potassium 7-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfona (2-Naphthol-8-sulfonic Acid Potassium Salt) is naturally present in the fruit of the Rubiaceae gardenia, the flowers of the Iridaceae crocus, and the flowers and leaves of the Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae.

Methyl L-pyroglutamate (L-Pyroglutamic acid methyl ester) shows anti-inflammatory activity. Methyl L-pyroglutamate is isolated from Portulaca oleracea L..

5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-Methyl THF) is a biologically active form of folic acid and a methylated derivate of tetrahydrofolate. It is the predominant natural dietary folate and the principal form of folate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.

Dimethylmalonic acid（2,2-Dimethylmalonic acid） is a short-chain dicarboxylic acid found in human serum that can be used to prevent or retard denaturation of fish actinomyosin in freezing buffer solution (pH 7).

trans-3-Indoleacrylic acid is one of the endogenous metabolites that inhibits RSL3-induced iron death and can be used to study colorectal cancer.

Gluconate sodium (Sodium D-gluconate) is the sodium salt of gluconic acid with a chelating property.

Hederagenin-28-beta-D-glucopyranoside, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Ilex cornuta, protects against H2O2-induced damage in cardiomyocytes.

Ectoine (L-Ectoine) is an osmoprotectant in a variety of microorganisms including halophilic and heterotrophic bacteria and non-halophilic bacteria such as the Streptomyces species, as well as E.coli.