• Modeling Mechanism：

  Haloperidol, a typical antipsychotic drug, induces TD pathology through multiple mechanisms: ① Long-term blocking of dopamine D2 receptors leads to receptor hypersensitivity, enhances striatal dopamine metabolism, generates dopaquinones, triggers excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induces oxidative stress; ② It damages mitochondrial function, activates apoptosis pathways (upregulation of Caspase-3/6/9), and damages striatal GABAergic neurons and dopaminergic neural projections; ③ It induces neuroinflammation (elevated IL-6), disrupts the balance of excitatory/inhibitory signals in the basal ganglia, and ultimately leads to involuntary movements and motor coordination disorders.

• Related Products：

  Haloperidol (T0025)

• Modeling Method：

  Experimental Subject：

  Rats: Wistar strain, male, body weight 250–300 g

  Dosage and Administration Route：

  ① Core modelling: Haloperidol (1 mg/kg) dissolved in physiological saline, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.);
  ② Control treatment: Equal volume saline solution, Administered via identical route;
  ③ Intervention verification (optional): Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG vaccine, 2×10⁷ cfu) – dissolved in distilled water – intraperitoneal injection – administered once on day 1 of modelling (1 hour prior to modelling)

  Dosing Frequency and Duration Model：

  Once daily for 21 days

• Validation：

  Behavioral indicators: Involuntary movements: Significantly increased vouching movements (VCMs), tongue protrusions (TPs), and facial jerks (FJs) appeared 14/21 days after modeling (P<0.01 vs control group); Motor function: Shortened fall latency in the rotarod test, prolonged beam crossing time and increased number of foot slips in the narrow beam walking test, and significantly reduced number of grids traversed, distance traveled, and activity time in the open field test (P<0.01); Biochemical indicators: Oxidative stress: Elevated striatal MDA and nitrite levels, and decreased GSH, SOD, and catalase activities (P<0.01); Apoptosis and inflammation: Significantly upregulated Caspase-3/6/9 and IL-6 protein levels (P<0.01); Neurochemistry: Decreased striatal dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) levels, and increased homovanillic acid (HVA) metabolite (P<0.01).

*Precautions： The victim was euthanized using cervical dislocation during the tissue collection process.

*References：Yedke NG,et,al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine Attenuates Haloperidol-Induced TD-like Behavioral and Neurochemical Alteration in Experimental Rats. Biomolecules. 2023 Nov 19;13(11):1667.