iNOS/COX-2-IN-1 (Compound 12e) is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). By inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways, iNOS/COX-2-IN-1 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects.

iNOS/COX-2-IN-1 exhibits no significant cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of 5 μM over 24 hours within a range of 0.625-40 μM. At concentrations of 2.5-10 μM for 1 hour, it significantly reduces LPS-induced NO production, achieving a 45.38% inhibition rate at 5 μM. It also inhibits the expression of TNF-α and COX-2 in a concentration-dependent manner and effectively suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines' mRNA expression by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.