Gliadin p31-43 TFA, an undigested gliadin peptide, triggers an innate immune response in the intestine and disrupts endocytic trafficking, serving as a useful agent for celiac disease research [1] [2].

Treatment with gliadin p31-43 (100 μg/mL; 30 minutes-6 hours) induces the formation of MyD88/TLR7 complexes and triggers activation of the downstream signaling pathways, specifically the MAPKs, including ERK, JNK, and p38.

Gliadin p31-43 demonstrates a sequence-specific capacity for oligomerization and aggregation in vitro and stimulates the apoptosis-associated speck-like (ASC) complex [2] when administered intraluminally at a dose of 10 μg. Moreover, oral administration of 20 μg Gliadin p31-43 to wild-type C57Bl/6 mice elevates IL-1β levels, indicative of inflammasome caspase-1 pathway activation in the small intestine's mucosa. This compound inherently tends to form oligomers, which in turn activate the NLRP3 inflammasome [2].