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G3-C12 shows anticancer activity. is a galectin-3 binding peptide, with Kd of 88 nM.

G3-C12 acetate shows anticancer activity. is a galectin-3 binding peptide, with Kd of 88 nM.

G3-C12 TFA Salt is a specific galectin-3 binding peptide with Ksubdsub of 88 nM and shows anticancer activity.

MPS-Gαi3, a cell-penetrating peptide, facilitates drug delivery [1].

G(IIKK)3I-NH2 is an antimicrobial peptide with potent efficacy against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It demonstrates low toxicity in primary cells and mice, and has a minimal tendency to induce bacterial resistance. G(IIKK)3I-NH2 is applicable in the study of anti-infective drugs.

G3335 Acetate was discovered to be a novel PPARgamma antagonist.

WAAG-3R is a bioactive peptide utilized in an ADAMTS-4 (Aggrecanase-1) assay, where aggrecanases, a subset of the ADAMTS (A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) family, target aggrecan, a key structural component of cartilage. Notably, ADAMTS-4 is a principal aggrecanase in human osteoarthritic cartilage. The peptide's fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) properties are evidenced by an excitation/emission (Ex/Em) spectrum of 340/420 nm.

RG33 Peptide, utilized in type 2 diabetes (T2D) research [1], enhances glucose clearance in insulin-resistant mice and facilitates cholesterol efflux in cultured macrophages by effectively solubilizing lipid vesicles.

DPLG3, a specific inhibitor of the chymotryptic-like β5i subunits, effectively inhibits mouse i-20S proteasomes with an IC50 value of 9.4 nM. This compound has applications in the research of immune diseases [1].

RG33, a synthetic 33-amino acid peptide, matches the sequence of amino acids 209-219 and 220-241 found in the C-terminal domain class Y helices of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1). This compound has the ability to solubilize multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) containing 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DMPC), resulting in the formation of recombinant HDL. When bound to lipids, RG33 facilitates cholesterol efflux in J774 macrophages and has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in insulin-resistant mice at a dosage of 12 mg/kg.

Veldoreotide, also known as Somatoprim, is a unique somatostatin receptor subtypes 2-, 4- and 5-selective analogue which effectively reduces GH secretion in human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas, even in Octreotide non-responsive tumours.

Rusfertide, a peptide mimetic of natural hepcidin, targets and degrades ferroportin, thereby reducing serum iron and transferrin saturation, which helps regulate red blood cell production. It ameliorates conditions such as polycythemia vera, β-thalassemia, and hereditary hemochromatosis [1] [2].

LAG-3cyclic peptide inhibitor C25 is an inhibitor of LAG-3. It demonstrates a high affinity for human LAG-3 protein with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.66 μM. This compound can block the interaction between LAG-3 and HLA-DR (MHC-II), thereby activating CD8+ T cells. LAG-3cyclic peptide inhibitor C25 is applicable in tumor research.

LAG-3cyclic peptide inhibitor 12 (Cyclic peptide 12) is an inhibitor of LAG-3, exhibiting an IC50 of 4.45 μM and a Ki of 2.66 µM.

RP-182-PEG3-K(palmitic acid) (Compound 1a) TFA is a fatty acid derivative of the immunomodulatory peptide RP-182. It inhibits CD206highM2-like macrophages with an IC50 of 3.2 μM and induces phagocytosis. Additionally, RP-182-PEG3-K(palmitic acid) TFA demonstrates antitumor activity in murine B16 melanoma allografts.

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a 13-amino acid peptide hormone produced by post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary gland, as well as in keratinocytes, astrocytes, monocytes, and gastrointestinal cells.1It is an agonist of melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) and MC4R that induces cAMP production in Hepa cells expressing the human receptors (EC50s = 0.16 and 56 nM, respectively).2α-MSH (100 pM) reducesS. aureuscolony formation andC. albicansgerm tube formationin vitro.3It inhibits endotoxin-, ceramide-, TNF-α-, or okadaic acid-induced activation of NF-κB in U937 cells.1α-MSH reduces IL-6- or TNF-α-induced ear edema in mice.4It also prevents the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and increases survival in a mouse model of septic shock. Increased plasma levels of α-MSH are positively correlated with delayed disease progression and reduced death in patients with HIV.1 1.Catania, A., Airaghi, L., Colombo, G., et al.α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in normal human physiology and disease statesTrends Endocrinol. Metab.11(8)304-308(2000) 2.Miwa, H., Gantz, I., Konda, Y., et al.Structural determinants of the melanocortin peptides required for activation of melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.273(1)367-372(1995) 3.Cutuli, M., Cristiani, S., Lipton, J.M., et al.Antimicrobial effects of a-MSH peptidesJ. Leukoc. Biol.67(2)233-239(2000) 4.Lipton, J.M., Ceriani, G., Macaluso, A., et al.Antiiinflammatory effect of the neuropeptide a-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammationAnn. N.Y. Acad. Sci.25(741)137-148(1994)

Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kis = 1.81 and 1.45 nM for rat and human receptors, respectively).1 It is a 54 amino acid peptide encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1. Kisspeptin-54 induces calcium mobilization in CHO-K1 cells expressing rat and human receptors (EC50s = 1.39 and 5.47 nM, respectively). It also induces arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing rat and human GPR54 in a concentration-dependent manner. Kisspeptin-54 (10-1,000 nM) inhibits insulin secretion from isolated mouse pancreatic β-cells in the presence of 2.8 mM, but not 11.1 mM, glucose.2 Kisspeptin-54 (1-5 nmol, i.c.v.) increases serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice, an effect which is reversed by the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) antagonist acycline.3References1. Kotani, M., Detheux, M., Vandenbogaerde, A.L., et al. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J. Biol. Chem. 276(37), 34631-34636 (2001).2. Vikman, J., and Ahrén, B. Inhibitory effect of kisspeptins on insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11(Suppl 4), 197-201 (2009).3. Gottsch, M.L., Cunningham, M.J., Smith, J.T., et al. A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 145(9), 4073-4077 (2004). Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kis = 1.81 and 1.45 nM for rat and human receptors, respectively).1 It is a 54 amino acid peptide encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1. Kisspeptin-54 induces calcium mobilization in CHO-K1 cells expressing rat and human receptors (EC50s = 1.39 and 5.47 nM, respectively). It also induces arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing rat and human GPR54 in a concentration-dependent manner. Kisspeptin-54 (10-1,000 nM) inhibits insulin secretion from isolated mouse pancreatic β-cells in the presence of 2.8 mM, but not 11.1 mM, glucose.2 Kisspeptin-54 (1-5 nmol, i.c.v.) increases serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice, an effect which is reversed by the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) antagonist acycline.3 References1. Kotani, M., Detheux, M., Vandenbogaerde, A.L., et al. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J. Biol. Chem. 276(37), 34631-34636 (2001).2. Vikman, J., and Ahrén, B. Inhibitory effect of kisspeptins on insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11(Suppl 4), 197-201 (2009).3. Gottsch, M.L., Cunningham, M.J., Smith, J.T., et al. A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 145(9), 4073-4077 (2004).

Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011). Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4 References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011).

Angiotensin II human TFA is a potent vasoconstrictor in the renin-angiotensin system that regulates blood pressure through interactions with AT1R and AT2R receptors. It activates sympathetic nerve activity, promotes aldosterone synthesis and renal function, induces proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and enhances type I and III collagen production in fibroblasts, leading to vascular and myocardial thickening and fibrosis. It also triggers apoptosis and promotes capillary formation, making it suitable for establishing models of cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Apelin-36(human) TFA, an endogenous agonist of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ, exhibits a potent EC50 of 20 nM and high affinity (pIC5 50 = 8.61) for human APJ receptors in HEK 293 cells. It is involved in significant cardiovascular and metabolic activities. Furthermore, Apelin-36(human) TFA can inhibit the entry of certain HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains into NP2/CD4 cells expressing the APJ receptor. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Apelin-17(human, bovine) TFA is an endogenous agonist of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ, demonstrating affinity for human APJ receptors on HEK 293 cells with a pIC50 value of 9.02. It also blocks the entry of certain HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains into NP2/CD4 cells that express the APJ receptor [1] [2] [3].

Orexin B, rat, mouse (Rat orexin B) TFA, an endogenous agonist for orexin receptors, binds to and activates the orphan G protein-coupled receptors OX1-R and OX2-R, playing a crucial role in stimulating food intake, increasing energy expenditure, and regulating sleep-wake cycles [1] [2] [3].

Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analogue acting as a dual agonist of the amylin receptor and calcitonin receptor, reducing body weight and food intake for obesity research.

Dopamine D3 receptor agonist 13a selectively targets the dopamine D3 receptor over dopamine D1, D2, and D4 receptors, with affinities (Ki values) of 0.14, 4,600, 2.85, and 756 nM, respectively. It also interacts with serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C, with Ki values of 6, 54, 1.47, and 252 nM, respectively. While acting as a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (EC50 = 2.26 nM in a G protein recruitment assay), it serves as an antagonist at dopamine D3 receptors (IC50 = 4.62 nM). Additionally, Dopamine D3 receptor agonist 13a, at a dose of 3 mg/kg, has been shown to reduce cocaine self-administration in rats.