diabetic retinopathy

Diprotin A (Ile-Pro-Ile) is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor.

Specnuezhenide (Nuezhenide) is isolated from the fruit of Ligustrum lucidum. It inhibits NF-κB and wnt/β-catenin signaling, thereby suppressing IL-1β-induced chondrocyte inflammation. It exerts anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA).

VU0285655-1(BML-280) is a potent and selective phospholipase D2 (PLD2) inhibitor that inhibits the proliferation of PLD2-deficient cells.VU0285655-1 has an inhibitory effect on high glucose-induced caspase-3 cleavage and reduction of cell viability.VU0285655-1 is used in the study of diabetic retinopathy.

1, 5-Isoquinolinediol is an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARP1; IC50: 0.39 μM). The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) form a family of enzymes with roles in DNA repair and apoptosis. 1, 5-Isoquinolinediol has been used to study the role of

ALR2-IN-7 (Compound 5a) is a potent and selective inhibitor of alditol reductase (ALR2/AKR1B1) with a Ki of 8.71 nM. It holds potential for research into diabetic complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy, as well as cancer.

Ascorbic acid, rutoside drug combination is used for treating diabetic retinopathy.

JNJ-26076713, an orally active alpha V integrin antagonist, represents a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of macular edema, age-related macular degeneration, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

12-HETE ((±)12-HETE) is a modulator of PGE2, with both anti-thrombotic and pro-thrombotic effects, inducing PGE2 release and COX-2 expression via phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) inducers. It is also a neuroregulator activating retinal cell endothelial dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy.

CAY10746 is a selective Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, targeting ROCK I and ROCK II with IC50 values of 0.014 μM and 0.003 μM, respectively. CAY10746 can be employed in the study of diabetic retinopathy.

1. Obtusifolin has antioxidant properties and improves chemically induced diabetes and its complications by modulation of oxidative stress. 2. Obtusifolin suppresses phthalate esters-mediated bone resorption, thus may be a novel anti-breast-cancer bone me

Plasma kallikrein-IN-3, a potent inhibitor ( IC 50 : 0.15 μM) of plasma kallikrein, finds application in research related to hereditary angioedema, diabetic macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy [1].

Aldose reductase-IN-6 is a potent AR inhibitor. It reduces sorbitol accumulation and oxidative stress by blocking the polyol pathway, used for diabetic complications such as retinopathy and neuropathy research.

Plasma kallikrein-IN-2, a potent inhibitor of plasma kallikrein (PKal) with an inhibitory concentration (IC) 50 value of 0.1 nM, is utilized in research targeting hereditary angioedema, diabetic macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy.

UBX1325, a Bcl-xL inhibitor, enhances apoptosis in senescent cells, serving as an effective anti-aging agent. It holds potential for age-related eye disease research, including diabetic macular oedema (DME), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) [1].

CU06-1004 (Sac-1004) is an orally active compound that mitigates endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting hyperpermeability and inflammation. It reduces vascular leakage and inflammation in multiple animal models, including diabetic retinopathy, stroke, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. CU06-1004 also improves conditions in a CDAA-induced mouse model of NASH and enhances cardiac function [1] [2] [3].

THR-317 is a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets PLGF. It is applicable in research on diabetic retinopathy.

UBX2050 is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets TIE2. It is applicable in research concerning age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy.

Pipecolic acid-d9 is the deuterated form of Pipecolic acid. As a metabolite of lysine and an immune modulator, Pipecolic acid can induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. It also inhibits ferroptosis in diabetic retinopathy via the YAP-GPX4 signaling pathway. Moreover, Pipecolic acid can induce apoptosis in neural cells and serves as a diagnostic marker for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.

Obtusifolin (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving Obtusifolin. 1. Obtusifolin has antioxidant properties and improves chemically induced diabetes and its complications by modulation of oxidative stress. 2. Obtusifolin suppresses phthalate esters-mediated bone resorption, thus may be a novel anti-breast-cancer bone metastasis agent. 3. Obtusifolin has beneficial effects on the development of diabetic retinopathy via inhibition of accumulation of oxidatively modified DNA and nitrotyrosine in the retina, can help prevent vision loss in diabetic patients. 4. Obtusifolin and gluco-Obtusifolin produce significant antinociceptive action in rodent behavioral models of inflammatory/neuropathic pain, and that this activity is associated with modulation of neuroinflammation in spinal cord. 5. Gluco-Obtusifolin and its aglycone may be useful for the treatment of cognitive impairment, and that its beneficial effects are mediated, in part, by the enhancement of cholinergic signaling.

12-HETE (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving 12-HETE. 12-HETE ((±)12-HETE) is a modulator of PGE2, with both anti-thrombotic and pro-thrombotic effects, inducing PGE2 release and COX-2 expression via phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) inducers. It is also a neuroregulator activating retinal cell endothelial dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy.

Rhetsinine is an aldose reductase inhibitor identified in Evodia rutaecarpa, with an IC50 value of 24.1 μM. At a concentration of 100 μM, Rhetsinine significantly reduces sorbitol accumulation, achieving an inhibition rate of 79.3%. This compound is applicable in research concerning diabetic complications, such as diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy.

Dammarenediol II may exert protective effects against diabetic microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy, by potently inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, stress fiber formation, and vascular endothelial cadherin disruption. Dammarenediol II preserves endothelial integrity, this medicinally important triterpenoid can be ectopically produced in tobacco, where dammarenediol II biosynthesis enables plants to adopt a virus-resistance defense system, supporting its relevance in metabolic disease research, vascular biology, and plant-based bioproduction strategies.

Tridocosahexaenoylglycerol (TG-DHA), an orally active dietary supplement, enhances outcomes in autoimmune encephalomyelitis among mice, exhibits beneficial impacts on neurodegenerative conditions, and fosters macular function improvement in diabetic retinopathy. It is applicable for investigating neurological, inflammatory immune, and metabolic diseases [1] [2] [3].

Siphonaxanthin is a carotenoid found in green algae, known for targeting the death receptor 5 (DR5) on cancer cells to induce apoptosis. In human leukemia HL-60 cells, it increases DR5 expression, reduces Bcl-2 levels, and activates caspase-3. It also inhibits fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) signaling in endothelial cells. Siphonaxanthin suppresses the proliferation, migration, and tubular formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as well as the growth of microvessels in rat aorta rings. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties by blocking the translocation of high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) to lipid rafts in mast cells. Siphonaxanthin shows potential for research into diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.