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Cat No. | Product Name | Synonyms | Targets |
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T39514 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-3 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-3 | |
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-3 is a KEAP1:NRF2 protein protein interaction inhibitor, and with a K d value of 2.5 nM for KEAP1 protein. | |||
T11752 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-1 | Keap1–Nrf2-IN-1 | Src |
Keap1–Nrf2 IN-1 activates Nrf2-regulated cytoprotective response and antagonizes acetaminophen-induced liver injury both in cellular and in vivo models. Keap1–Nrf2 IN-1 is a Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear fa... | |||
T12253 | Nrf2-IN-1 | Others , Nrf2 | |
Nrf2-IN-1 is an nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inhibitor. Nrf2-IN-1 is developed for the research of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). | |||
T8979 | AEM1 | Nrf2 | |
AEM1 is an inhibitor of deregulated NRF2 transcriptional activity in cancer. AEM1 acts by broadly decreasing the expression of NRF2 controlled genes, sensitizing A549 cells to various chemotherapeutic agents, and inhibit... | |||
T16331 | NK-252 | Others , Nrf2 | |
NK-252 is a potential activator of Nrf2. It has great Nrf2-activating potential. | |||
T4360 | ML385 | Others , Ferroptosis , Nrf2 | |
ML385 is an NRF2 inhibitor (IC50=1.9 μM) with novelty and specificity. ML385 has anti-inflammatory activity by modulating anti-oxidative stress through the inhibition of NRF2. ML385 also exhibits anti-tumor activity. | |||
T80522 | Keap1-Nrf2 probe | ||
Keap1-Nrf2 probe [1] is a fluorescent molecule designed to target the interaction between the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). | |||
T72760 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-6 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-6 is a potent, selective inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein−protein interaction (PPI), demonstrating an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 41 nM and a dissociation constant (Kd) of 68 nM. | |||
T78697 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-15 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-15 (Compound 24a) is a potent inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction, displaying IC50 values of 77 nM in a fluorescence polarization (FP) assay and 2.5 nM in a time-resolved fluorescence re... | |||
T74600 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-9 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-9 (compound 11) is a potent inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein−protein interaction (PPI) with an IC50 value of 0.575 µM. It enhances the expression of Nrf2 target genes, including heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1),... | |||
T72706 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-13 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-13 is a potent inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI), exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.15 μM, indicative of its high efficacy. It binds strongly to the Keap1 protein by forming hydrogen... | |||
T81984 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-10 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-10 (compound 15) is a potent inducer of NQO1 and efficaciously mitigates oxidative stress in gamma-irradiated mice by reducing MDA and ROS levels, as well as NQO1 in the liver, which enhances the survival r... | |||
T64218 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-1 TFA | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-1 TFA (compound35) is a Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor (IC50: 43 nM) that activates Nrf2-regulated cytoprotective responses. Keap1-Nrf2-IN-1 TFA antagonizes acetaminophen-induced liver inj... | |||
T63294 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-5 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-5 is a potent inhibitor of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI (Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction) (IC50: 4.1 μM, Kd: 3.7 μM). | |||
T63987 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-14 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-14 is a KEAP1-NRF2 inhibitor that effectively disrupts the KEAP1-NRF2 interaction (IC50: 75 nM) with a Kd=24 nM for KEAP1. Keap1-Nrf2-IN-14 induces the expression of NRF2 target genes and is able to enhance... | |||
T80260 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-16 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-16 is a biologically active peptide with KEAP1 binding activity. | |||
T64190 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-12 | ||
eap1-Nrf2-IN-12 is a potent inhibitor of Keap1-Nrf2 (IC50: 2.30 μM). eap1-Nrf2-IN-12 is metabolically stable in human liver microsomes. | |||
T72687 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-11 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-11 (Compound 6k), a potent Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor, exhibits a dissociation constant (KD) of 0.21 nM. It hampers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), as well as the expression... | |||
T61773 | Keap1-Nrf2-IN-4 | ||
Keap1-Nrf2-IN-4, a powerful neddylation inhibitor, demonstrates significant anti-proliferation activity against MGC-803 cells (IC50 = 2.55 μM), effectively impeding their migration and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, i... | |||
T1593 | Ezetimibe | SCH 58235 | Others , Nrf2 , NPC1L1 , Autophagy |
Ezetimibe (SCH 58235) is a Dietary Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor. The physiologic effect of ezetimibe is by means of Decreased Cholesterol Absorption. | |||
T5364 | TBHQ | tert-Butylhydroquinone | Apoptosis , ERK , Others , Ferroptosis , Nrf2 , Autophagy |
TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is an antioxidant that induces an antioxidant response through the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2. | |||
T13604 | CDDO-dhTFEA | Others , NF-κB , Nrf2 | |
CDDO-dhTFEA, a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid, effectively activates Nrf2 while inhibiting the NF-κB pro-inflammatory transcription factor. It restores mean arterial pressure (MAP), elevates Nrf2 levels and the expressi... | |||
T6919 | Omaveloxolone | RTA-408 | Apoptosis , Others , Nrf2 , STING |
Omaveloxolone (RTA-408) (RTA-408) is a synthetic triterpenoid that activates the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2 and inhibits NF-κB signaling. Phase 2. | |||
TP2109 | TAT 14 | Nrf2 | |
Nrf2 activator; inhibits Nrf2/Keap1 interaction. Induces upregulation of Nrf2 pathway downstream gene expression including heme-oxygenase 1. Suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α expression in THP-1 cells. | |||
T0153 | Oltipraz | NSC 347901,RP 35972 | HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase , HIV Protease , Reverse Transcriptase , Nrf2 , HIF |
Oltipraz (RP 35972) is a synthetic dithiolethione with potential chemopreventive and anti-angiogenic properties. Oltipraz induces phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H: quin... | |||
TQ0120 | CDDO-Im | RTA-403,CDDO-Imidazolide,TP-235 | Others , Ferroptosis , Nrf2 , PPAR |
CDDO-Im (TP-235) is an activator of Nrf2 and PPAR (Kis: 232/344 nM for PPARα/PPARγ). | |||
T6165 | Bardoxolone Methyl | RTA 402,CDDO Methyl ester,TP-155,NSC 713200 | Apoptosis , IκB/IKK , Ferroptosis , Nrf2 , Autophagy |
Bardoxolone Methyl (TP-155) is a synthetic triterpenoid that acts as an activator of the Nrf2 pathway and an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway with potential anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities. | |||
T11758L | KI696 | Nrf2 | |
KI696 is a high-affinity probe that potently inhibits the interaction of Keap1 and NRF2. | |||
T28497 | RA-839 | RA 839,RA839 | Nrf2 |
RA-839 is a potent small molecule Keap1 conjugate and selective Nrf2 signalling activator, as well as an inhibitor of Keap1/Nrf2 interaction with anticancer activity.RA-839 inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxi... | |||
TP2109L | AT 14 acetate | Nrf2 | |
TAT 14 acetate, a 14-mer peptide, is an Nrf2 activator with anti-inflammatory properties. TAT 14 acetate increases Nrf2 protein levels due to targeting the Nrf2 binding site on Keap1, but has no effect on Nrf2 mRNA expre... | |||
T12078 | ML334 | LH601A | Nrf2 |
ML334 (LH601A) is a transmembrane and potent NRF2 activator that inhibits Keap1-NRF2 protein interactions to ameliorate myocardial infarction-induced cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting cardiac fibroblast activation and proli... | |||
T7374 | 2-HBA | Caspase , NADPH | |
2-HBA, a synthetic analog of curcumin, is an indirect inducer of enzymes that catalyze detoxification reactions through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. | |||
T40063 | CBR-470-1 | Nrf2 | |
CBR-470-1 is a potent inhibitor of glycolytic phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) that activates NRF2 by increasing methylglyoxal levels. CBR-470-1 is a non-covalent Nrf2 activator with neuroprotective activity that protect... | |||
T4580 | 4-Octyl itaconate | Nrf2 | |
4-Octyl Itaconate is a cell-permeable derivative of Itaconate, an anti-inflammatory metabolite. 4-Octyl Itaconate activates Nrf2 via alkylation of KEAP1 and also inhibits phosphorylation of STING. 4-Octyl Itaconate is an... | |||
T27077 | CPUY192018 Disodium | CPUY-192018,CPUY192018,CPUY192018disodium,CPUY192018 Na2,CPUY192018-disodium | |
CPUY192018 Disodium is a potent inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 PPI. The inhibition of the Keap1-Nrf2 PPI may be beneficial as a treatment for ulcerative colitis. | |||
T22556 | AI-3 | Others | |
Nrf2/Keap1 and Keap1/Cul3 interaction inhibitor | |||
T78841 | Nrf2-IN-3 | ||
Nrf2-IN-3 (Compound R16), a Nrf2 inhibitor, binds to KEAP1 mutants (G333C mKEAP1) thereby restoring the impaired KEAP1/NRF2 interactions. This restoration sensitizes KEAP1-mutant cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, ... | |||
T69401 | MIND4-17 | ||
MIND4-17, a potent NRF2 activator, covalently modifies the C151 residue of Keap1, disrupting the Keap1-Nrf2 association. This action leads to the stabilization and nuclear translocation of the Nrf2 protein, consequently ... | |||
T75914 | TAT-14 TFA | ||
TAT-14 TFA is a 14-mer peptide functioning as an Nrf2 activator possessing anti-inflammatory properties. It does not alter Nrf2 mRNA expression but elevates Nrf2 protein levels by targeting the Nrf2 binding site on Keap1... | |||
T79698 | S217879 | ||
S217879 is a potent and selective activator of NRF2 that disrupts the KEAP1-NRF2 interaction, resulting in significant activation of the NRF2 pathway. This compound is applicable in research on non-alcoholic steatohepati... | |||
T36614 | DL-Sulforaphane N-acetyl-L-cysteine | ||
Nrf2 activation of the antioxidant response element (ARE) is central to cytoprotective gene expression against oxidative and/or electrophilic stress. Unless activated by inflammatory, environmental, or oxidative stressor... | |||
T61688 | Nrf2 activator-2 | ||
Nrf2 activator-2 (referred to as compound O15), an Osthole derivative, is a highly potent Nrf2 agonist exhibiting an EC 50 of 2.9 μM in 293 T cells. By effectively disrupting the binding between Keap1 and Nrf2, Nrf2 acti... | |||
T68790 | Shinorine | ||
Shinorine, a mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA), is a small molecule sunscreen produced in some bacteria. Shinorine ameliorates chromium induced toxicity in zebrafish hepatocytes through the facultative activation of Nrf... | |||
T64214 | NXPZ-2 | ||
NXPZ-2 is an orally active Keap1-Nrf2protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitor (Ki: 95 nM, EC50: 120 and 170 nM). NXPZ-2 dose-dependently attenuates Aβ[1-42]-induced cognitive disturbances, enhances neuronal number and... |
Cat No. | Product Name | Synonyms | Targets |
---|---|---|---|
T21065 | Artemisitene | Others | |
Artemisitene is the oxidized form of Artemisinin and is an antimalarial agent. Artemisinin precursors are the important basic substances for biosynthesis of Artemisinin, including Artemisinin B, Artemisitene, Artemisini... | |||
T6S1302 | Carnosol | Nrf2 , Endogenous Metabolite , S6 Kinase | |
Carnosol is an Nrf2 activator, increasing Nrf2 levels and promoting heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) expression. It is a ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK2) inhibitor and can be used in gastric cancer-related research with an IC50 value ... | |||
T3849 | Kinsenoside | (+)-Kinsenoside | Apoptosis , Nrf2 |
Kinsenoside ((+)-Kinsenoside) shows significant antihepatotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Kinsenoside could be useful for repairing beta cells in pancreatic islet injury as well as improving its function, it cou... | |||
TQ0207 | Sulforaphane | Apoptosis , Nrf2 , HDAC | |
Sulforaphane is derived from the consumption of cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli. It has shown anticancer and cardioprotective activities. | |||
TN1621 | Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside | Nrf2 | |
Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside is an Nrf2 activator conferring protection against Cisplatin-induced toxicity. Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside is a flavonoid and a free radical scavenger with antioxidant activity in pistachio skin. | |||
T6S2356 | Corynoline | (+)-Corynoline | Nrf2 , AChE |
1. Corynoline ((+)-Corynoline) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. | |||
TN1674 | Garcinone D | Reactive Oxygen Species , Nrf2 , STAT | |
Garcinone D shows significant cytotoxicity against the CEM-SS cell line, with IC(50) value of 3.2 microg/ml; it exhibits dose-dependent enzyme-based microsomal aromatase inhibitory activity. Garcinone D inhibits p65 acti... | |||
T6S0232 | Eriodictyol | Huazhongilexone | Influenza Virus , DNA/RNA Synthesis , Nrf2 , Endogenous Metabolite |
1. Eriodictyol (Huazhongilexone) is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. 2. Eriodictyol may possess antidiabetic properties through increasing glucose uptake and improving insulin resistance. 3.... | |||
TQ0211 | Brusatol | (+)-Brusatol,NSC 172924 | Others , Ferroptosis , Nrf2 |
Brusatol (NSC-172924) is a natural product isolated from the Brucea javanica plant. It inhibits Nrf2. | |||
T3012 | Mangiferin | Alpizarin,Chinomin,Hedysarid | Apoptosis , Others , NF-κB , Nrf2 |
Mangiferin (Hedysarid) is used for antidiabetes. Extracted from Mangifera indica L. | |||
T1027 | Luteolin | Luteolol,Flacitran,Digitoflavone,Luteoline | Apoptosis , Nrf2 , Endogenous Metabolite , PDE , Autophagy |
Luteolin (Luteolol) belongs to the flavonoid group of natural products and is a Nrf2 inhibitor, PDE inhibitor. Luteolin has a wide range of biological activities including antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antim... | |||
T0973 | Pyridoxine | Pyridoxol,Vitamin B6,Gravidox | PLK , Nrf2 , Endogenous Metabolite |
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) is the 4-methanol form of vitamin B6 and is converted to pyridoxal 5-phosphate in the body. Although pyridoxine and vitamin B6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical research... | |||
T2915 | Bardoxolone | RTA 401,CDDO | Others , Nrf2 |
Bardoxolone (CDDO) is a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid that blocks the cellular synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase and inducible COX-2 in INF-γ-activated mouse macrophages with an IC50 value of 0.4 nM. By supp... | |||
TN6339 | (R)-5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenylheptan-3-one | (5R)-Dihydroyashabushiketol | Others |
(R)-5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenylheptan-3-one ((5R)-Dihydroyashabushiketol) is extracted from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum, a Chinese medicinal herb. (R)-5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenylheptan-3-one inhibits melanogenesis in theop... | |||
T3227 | Danshensu | Salvianic acid A,Dan shen suan A | Apoptosis , Nrf2 , Autophagy |
Danshensu (Dan shen suan A) is an active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza with wide cardiovascular benefit. | |||
T0492 | Dimethyl fumarate | DMF | Reactive Oxygen Species , HIV Protease , Nrf2 , Endogenous Metabolite , Autophagy |
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a fumarate derivative, is used as antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory agent. | |||
TN6711 | Toralactone | Others , Nrf2 | |
Toralactone is a natural product isolated from Cassia obtusifolia, mediates hepatoprotection via an Nrf2-dependent anti-oxidative mechanism | |||
T1558 | Resveratrol | trans-Resveratrol,SRT 501 | Apoptosis , Mitophagy , IκB/IKK , Lipoxygenase , Sirtuin , COX , NADPH , DNA/RNA Synthesis , Nrf2 , Antibacterial , Antibiotic , Autophagy , Antifungal |
Resveratrol (SRT 501) is a polyphenolic natural product, a plant antitoxin with antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol has a wide range of targets including COX, SIRT, LOC, etc. Resveratrol induces autop... | |||
T3743 | 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid | p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid,parahydroxy phenylacetate | Antioxidant , Nrf2 , Endogenous Metabolite |
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (parahydroxy phenylacetate) is a major microbiota-derived metabolite of polyphenols. 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid(p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid) is involved in the antioxidative action. 4-hydroxyphe... | |||
T1516 | Curcumin | Diferuloylmethane,Natural Yellow 3,Indian Saffron,Turmeric yellow | Mitophagy , Epigenetic Reader Domain , Ferroptosis , Influenza Virus , Nrf2 , Histone Acetyltransferase , HDAC , Autophagy |
Curcumin (Natural Yellow 3) is a phenolic natural product, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase p300/CREB (IC50=25 μM) with specificity. Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, ant... | |||
T0973L | Pyridoxine hydrochloride | Pyridoxine HCl,Pyridoxol (hydrochloride),Vitamin B6 (hydrochloride),Vitamin B6 | Nrf2 , Endogenous Metabolite |
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) is the 4-methanol form of vitaminB6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingo... | |||
T2794 | Astilbin | Neoastilbin,Taxifolin 3-O-rhamnoside,Isoastilbin,Taxifolin 3-rhamnoside,Neoisoastilbin | TNF , NF-κB , Nrf2 |
Astilbin (Neoastilbin) is actions Flavonoid phytochemical found in St. John′s wort and Traditional Chinese Medicine herbal preparations. | |||
T1368 | Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate | 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester,Methyl protocatechuate,Protocatechuic acid methyl ester | Apoptosis , Antioxidant , Nrf2 |
Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Protocatechuic acid methyl ester) is a major metabolite of antioxidant polyphenols found in green tea. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. | |||
T8281 | (R)-Sulforaphane | L-Sulforaphane | Nrf2 |
(R)-Sulforaphane (L-Sulforaphane) is a potent inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. | |||
TN6750 | 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone | Nrf2 | |
2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TBQ), an electrophilic metabolite of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), causes activation of Nrf2 together with S-arylation of its negative regulator Keap1 in RAW264.7 cells. | |||
TN1058 | Pelargonidin chloride | NOS , Reactive Oxygen Species , Nrf2 , NO Synthase | |
Pelargonidin chloride shows protective effect against CTN-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and up-regulated the activity of detoxification enzyme levels through Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. | |||
TN5171 | Tricetin | Apoptosis , Others , Nrf2 | |
Tricetin is a flavonoid isolated from pomegranate.Tricetin is a potent competitive inhibitor of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) and protects Parkinson's disease patients from 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity by ... | |||
T6S0525 | Farrerol | ERK , p38 MAPK , Akt | |
1. Farrerol has antioxidative activity.2. Farrerol modulates TAP and BNBD5 gene expression in mammary gland, enhances bMEC defense against S. aureus infection and could be useful in protection against bovine mastitis. 3.... | |||
T73205 | Praelolide | ||
Praelolide, a potent Nrf2 activator, disrupts Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interactions through noncovalent binding to Keap1, inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). With its pote... | |||
T75485 | Dehydrobruceine B | ||
Dehydrobruceine B, a quassinoid isolated from Brucea javanica, demonstrates a synergistic effect with Cisplatin in inducing apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. It enhances the expression of apoptosis-inducing fa... | |||
TN3806 | Dehydroglyasperin C | ERK , IκB/IKK , p38 MAPK , TNF , NF-κB , Akt , COX , PI3K , NADPH , DNA/RNA Synthesis , Nrf2 , JNK , Autophagy | |
Dehydroglyasperin C is a potent NAD(P)H:oxidoquinone reductase (NQO1) and phase 2 enzyme inducer. Dehydroglyasperin C possesses potent antioxidant, cancer chemopreventive, and neuroprotective activities, it has protectiv... |
Cat No. | Product Name | Species | Expression System |
---|---|---|---|
TMPY-03888 | KEAP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & GST) | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells |
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, also known as a cytosolic inhibitor of Nrf2, Kelch-like protein 19, KEAP1, and INRF2, is a cytoplasm and nucleus protein that contains one BACK (BTB/Kelch associated) domain, one BTB ... | |||
TMPY-02101 | KEAP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & GST & Avi) | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells |
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, also known as a cytosolic inhibitor of Nrf2, Kelch-like protein 19, KEAP1, and INRF2, is a cytoplasm and nucleus protein that contains one BACK (BTB/Kelch associated) domain, one BTB ... | |||
TMPY-03432 | KEAP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells |
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, also known as a cytosolic inhibitor of Nrf2, Kelch-like protein 19, KEAP1, and INRF2, is a cytoplasm and nucleus protein that contains one BACK (BTB/Kelch associated) domain, one BTB ... | |||
TMPH-01788 | NFE2L2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli |
Transcription factor that plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress: binds to antioxidant response (ARE) elements present in the promoter region of many cytoprotective genes, such as phase 2 detoxifying enzyme... |